India History A Level - TOPIC 1 - The First World War and its impact on British India 1914 - 1920

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What were the two groups that Congress was split up into during the early nationalist movement?

The Moderates and the Radicals

During the early years of the Indian nationalist movement in the Indian National Congress who was the leader of the Moderates and who was the leader of the Radicals?

Gokhale of the Moderates and Tilak of the Radicals

How many princely states put their armies at the disposal of Britain in WW1?

27

By November 1918, how many Indians had enlisted as combatants in addition to those already serving in 1914?

827,000

About how many Indian soldiers died in WW1?

65,000

In the total duration of WW1, how many Indians served in the military for the British?

About 1.5million

What percentage did Indian-made goods rise by because of WW1?

60%

In 1914 how many men in the Council of India were Indian?

0

In 1914 what percentage of Indians were Muslim?

20%

By the end of the war, how much had Indian revenues contributed to the war effort?

£146 million

By what percentage did the price of food-grains (such as rice) increase by as a result of the war?

93%

What were the Defence of India Act based off of?

The Defence of the Realm Act in Britain 1914

When was the Defence of India Act enacted?

1915

What did the Defence of India Act do?

It gave the Viceroy the power to issue regulations in order to secure public safety (such as the suppression of anti-war and potential revolutionary activities) and to ensure India was appropriately defended

Who was appointed Viceroy in 1916?

Lord Chelmsford

When was the Montagu Declaration?

August 1917

Who was Edwin Montagu?

The secretary of state for India

What did the Montagu declaration do?

It showed that Britain recognised India’s contribution to the war effort and their want for independence, and it stated a commitment from the British government to eventually grant India some form of self-governance

What was the biggest problem with the Montagu Declaration?

It gave no timescale for this eventual sort of Indian self-governance

What was the aim of the Rowlatt commission and when did it report?

To investigate revolutionary conspiracies post-war and reported in July 1918

What did the Rowlatt Commission propose to help stop revolutionary activities, which were all later implemented?

Imprisonment without trial, trial by judges sitting without a jury, censorship, and house arrest of suspects

When did the Rowlatt Acts become law?

In March 1919

How many of the Indian members of the Indian Legislative Council opposed the Rowlatt Act?

All 22 of them

When were the Rowlatt Acts repealed?

1922

How did Jinnah respond to the Rowlatt Acts?

He wrote a furious letter to Viceroy Chelmsford, where he accused the administration of the Raj of being neither responsible to the people nor in touch with Indian public opinion

How did Indians oppose the Rowlatt Acts?

By organising hartals across India but most predominantly in the Punjab

Define hartal

A stoppage of work, usually accompanied by a lock-out, and used as a political protest

Which British military general led the troops in the Amritsar massacre?

General Dyer

When did the Amritsar massacre take place?

13th April 1919

Why was the 13th of April significant and may have caused more people to be in the park that day?

It was Baisakhi Day which marked the start of one of the most important religious festivals in the Punjab

How many died in the Amritsar massacre and how many were injured?

400 died and a further 1,500 were injured

When was Martial Law established?

14th of April 1919

What was the aim of Martial Law and what are two examples from it?

It aimed to humiliate Indians in Amritsar and examples include, Indians having to salaam to any passing European, and the Crawling Order in the narrow street of Kucha Tawarian

What was the inquiry set up by Montagu to look into the events of the Amritsar massacre and days leading up to it?

The Hunter’s Commission

What did the Hunter’s Commission report conclude?

That they could find no evidence of conspiracy to overthrow the Raj.

What was the group from the Indian National Congress that set up the inquiry on the Amritsar massacre?/

The Punjab Sub-Committee

What was the 1919 Government of India Act based off of from the previous year?

The Montagu Declaration

In what way was power said to be divided between the Indians and Raj after the 1919 Government of India Act?

Through a dyarchy

Define dyarchy and how it was implemented in India

It is a government by two independent authorities and in India this system divided power in the provinces between the Indians and the British

In the 1919 Government of India Act what sectors were provincial councils given control over and what sectors did Britain retain control over?

Provincial councils were given control over Indian education, agriculture, and health, while Britain retained control over the military, foreign affairs, currency, and criminal law

What did the 1919 Government of India Act do that concerned the franchise (right to vote)?

The franchise was extended, though it was still linked to tax payments and after 1919 about 10% of the male adult population was enfranchised

Define enfranchisement

The giving of a right, typically the right to vote

Define the concept of satyagraha

Made from a combination of two words meaning ‘truth’ and ‘obstinacy’, Gandhi used it to mean ‘truth force’ and applied it to non-cooperation campaigns against the Raj

When was the Lucknow Pact?

December 1916

Why did the Muslim League become more opposed to the Raj after the annulment of the partition of Bengal?

They believed that this implied that the British were no longer sympathetic to Muslim interests and thus separate electorates

What does separate electorates mean?

Muslims voting for only Muslim candidates

When were separate electorates introduced?

In 1909 with the Minto-Morley Reforms

When was the partition of Bengal?

1905

When was the partition of Bengal annulled?

1911

Why did the Muslim League become more opposed to the Raj after the announcement of war against Turkey in 1914?

Many Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph - most important spiritual leader

What did the 1916 Lucknow pact do?

It agreed that the number of Muslims in the provincial government should be decided by each province, and that there should be separate electorates for all communities

When did the two Home Rule League’s launch?

1916

What were the names of the two Home Rule League’s?

Tilak’s Home Rule League and the All-India Home Rule League

Who was the All-India Home Rule League set up by?

Annie Besant

What was the objective of the Home-Rule Leagues?

To bring the whole concept of home rule to the masses of Indian people who were otherwise disinterested in Congress and the Muslim League

What was the Raj’s response to the Home-Rule Leagues growing in following and nationalist support?

Tilak was arrested for sedition and Annie Besant was confined in June 1917