Approaches

What are the main assumptions of Origins Approach?

Psychology is a science rather than a branch of philosophy.

What are the main assumptions of Behaviourist Approach?

Everyone is born as tabula rasa (a blank slate), behaviour is learnt.

What are the main assumptions of Social Learning Approach?

Behaviour is learnt through observation.

What are the main assumptions of Cognitive Approach?

Internal Mental Processes can be inferred through how a person acts.

What are the main assumptions of Biological Approach?

Thinking and behaviour are determined by genetics and evolutionary factors.

What are the main assumptions of Psychodynamic Approach?

Behaviour can be explained in terms of the inner conflicts of the mind.

What are the main assumptions of Humanistic Approach?

People are self-determining.

Is Origins free-will or deterministic?

Deterministic - Internal Mental processes influence behaviour.

Is Behaviourist free-will or deterministic?

Hard Determinism - all behaviour is environmentally determined, cannot intervene with conditioning.

Is Social Learning free-will or deterministic?

Soft Determinism - behaviour is learnt through observation, but there is some choice on when it is enacted.

Is Cognitive free-will or deterministic?

Soft Determinism - Brain operates like a computer, information provided is controlled freely.

Is Biological free-will or deterministic?

Hard Determinism - Behaviour is innate due to genetics.

Is Psychodynamic free-will or deterministic?

Hard Determinism - Behaviour is caused by unconscious forces, simply rationalised by conscious.

Is Humanistic free-will or deterministic?

Free-will - Humans control own development, self-actualisation achieved with effort.

Is Humanistic holistic or reductionist?

Holistic - Interactions with others, emotions, primal drives are all considered.

Is Psychodynamic holistic or reductionist?

Reductionist - Reduced to sexual drives and biological instincts.

Is Biological holistic or reductionist?

Biological Reductionism.

Is Cognitive holistic or reductionist?

Machine Reductionism - reduced to machine-like functions, inputs and outputs.

Is Social Learning holistic or reductionist?

Mixed - complex learning is reduced to a handful of processes, cognitive factors are also considered.

Is Behaviourist holistic or reductionist?

Environmental Reductionism - Reduced to stimuli-response for ease of testing.

Is Origins holistic or reductionist?

Reductionist

Is Origins Nature or Nurture?

Both - N/A

Is Behaviourist Nature or Nurture?

Nurture - Acquired behaviour

Is Social Learning Nature or Nurture?

Nurture - Acquired through observation and conditioning. Bridge between Behaviourist and Cognitive.

Is Cognitive Nature or Nurture?

Middle - Recognises many processes are innate but information and behaviour is refined by experiences.

Is Biological Nature or Nurture?

Nature - Completely determined by DNA, genes.

Is Psychodynamic Nature or Nurture?

Mostly Nature - Driven by primal desires and instincts. Parents play a role.

Is Humanistic Nature or Nurture?

Mostly Nurture - society and people shape behaviour, some needs are basic.

Is Humanistic Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Idiographic - Maslow believed individuals choose when to reach self-actualisation through hierarchy of needs.

Is Psychodynamic Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Idiographic - relied on case studies and established introspective therapy.

Is Biological Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Nomothetic - scientifically establishes which gene cause which universal thing, draws on case studies.

Is Cognitive Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Nomothetic - Scientific method to establish general laws such as schemas, draws on case studies.

Is Social Learning Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Nomothetic - aims to establish general laws.

Is Behaviourist Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Nomothetic - general laws governing behaviour is same for humans and non-humans.

Is Origins Idiographic or Nomothetic?

Nomothetic - Used cases studies to find general pattern.