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MMPI-2
The best known objective personality test, designed to aid in the diagnosis or assessment of major psychiatric or psychological disorders by exploring personality traits.
Person-Situation Debate
The ongoing discussion in psychology about whether personality is more influenced by situational factors (State) or remains consistent across different situations (Trait).
State vs. Trait
The distinction in personality psychology where 'State' refers to temporary conditions influenced by the environment, while 'Trait' refers to enduring characteristics that determine consistent behavior.
Walter Mischel
A psychologist who argued that personality is influenced by situational contexts and that individuals adapt their behavior based on expectations in various social situations.
Situational Factors
External elements that can influence behavior and personality traits in specific contexts, suggesting that actions can vary across different environments.
Consistency in Personality
The idea that certain characteristics or traits of a person remain stable over time and across different situations.
Behavioral Adaptation
The process through which individuals change their behavior in response to varying social contexts based on learned expectations.
Interactionism
A perspective in psychology that emphasizes the interaction between personal traits and situational variables in determining behavior.
Primary Drives
Biological and unlearned drives directly related to survival and basic needs.
Thirst
A primary drive that prompts individuals to seek hydration and maintain fluid balance.
Hunger
A primary drive that motivates individuals to seek food to fulfill energy requirements.
Sex Drive
A primary drive that encourages reproductive behaviors and the pursuit of sexual activity.
Secondary Drives
Learned drives that are not directly related to biological needs, often shaped by experiences.
Work Motivation
A secondary drive that motivates individuals to work hard for monetary rewards and stability.
Social Recognition
A secondary drive that compels individuals to seek acknowledgment and approval from others.
Ambition
A learned motivation to achieve success, often linked to personal goals and recognition.
Push and Pull of Incentive Theory
Push factors motivate individuals to take action due to negative stimuli (e.g., health issues), while pull factors drive continuation through positive outcomes (e.g., increased fitness and energy).
Sensation-Seeking Motivation
The drive for varied, novel, complex, and intense experiences, rooted in individual differences in the need for stimulation.
Marvin Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Theory
A theory proposing that individuals vary in their need for stimulation, influencing their personality type and behaviors in daily life.
Thrill-Seeking
The pursuit of activities that provide excitement and risk, often associated with a desire for adventure and heightened sensations.
Adventure Seeking
The inclination to engage in challenging or risky experiences to derive excitement and enjoyment.
Experience Seeking
The love of variety in sensations of the mind and senses; a desire for novel and unconventional experiences.
Hierarchy of Needs
A theory by Abraham Maslow suggesting that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, with physiological needs at the base, followed by safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Cognitive Consistency Theory
A theory asserting that motivation arises from the tension created by conflicting internal thoughts, driving individuals to achieve coherence between thoughts and actions.
Cognitive Consistency
The goal of ensuring no conflict between thoughts and actions.
Feel-good, do-good Phenomenon
The tendency for individuals in a positive mood to perform helpful acts, as good feelings often lead to generous behavior.
Feel-bad, do-bad Phenomenon
The tendency for individuals in a negative mood to engage in harmful or unhelpful behaviors, as negative feelings often lead to adverse actions.
Biopsychosocial Model of Motivation
A framework that explains motivation through the interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors.
Biological Factors of Motivation
Includes needs for food, water, sleep, and temperature regulation, influenced by structures like the hypothalamus.
Social Factors of Motivation
Involves influences from parents, peers, media, and cultural expectations that shape social and cultural schemas.
Psychological Factors of Motivation
Comprises behavioral actions, emotional feelings, and cognitive aspects like thoughts, fears, and perceptions influenced by schemas.
Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) signal the brain about hunger when the stomach is empty, while feelings of fullness indicate satiety.
Hypothalamic Centers
The hypothalamic centers include structures that regulate hunger and satiety, with the lateral hypothalamus (LH) stimulating hunger.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
A part of the hypothalamus that, when stimulated, depresses hunger. Destroying the VMH in animals leads to excessive eating behavior.
Set Point
The 'hunger set point' is the theoretical ideal body weight that the hypothalamus aims to maintain, triggering increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate when weight falls below this level, acting as a 'weight thermostat.'
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