CH 2 test id study

Judicial Restraint

Judges avoid changing the law too much; stick to Constitution and lawmakers’ decisions.

Judicial Activism

Judges make big rulings to protect rights.

Judicial Review

Courts can cancel laws that violate the Constitution.

Precedent

Using a past decision to guide a new one.

Statute

A written law passed by lawmakers.

Free Exercise Clause

You can practice any religion freely (as long as you don’t harm others).

Establishment Clause

Government can’t promote any religion.

Due Process Clause

Government must follow fair steps before taking life, liberty, or property.

Equal Protection Clause

Everyone is treated equally under the law.

Engel v. Vitale

No school-led prayers (violates Establishment Clause).

Oregon v. Smith

Religion doesn’t excuse breaking the law.

Schenck v. US

Free speech is limited if it causes “clear and present danger.”

Near v. Minnesota

Government can’t censor newspapers before publishing.

Roth v. US

Obscene material isn’t protected by free speech.

Miller v. California

Created “Miller Test” to define obscenity.

New York Times v. US

Government can’t block press unless a real danger.

Nazi Party v. Skokie

Even hateful groups have free speech rights (no violence).

Mapp v. Ohio

Evidence from illegal searches can’t be used.

Miranda v. Arizona

Arrested people must be told their rights (“Miranda Rights”).

Gideon v. Wainwright

Right to a lawyer even if you can’t afford one.

Gregg v. Georgia

Death penalty is allowed if used fairly.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Right to privacy in personal decisions (like birth control).

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Enslaved people couldn’t sue (weren’t citizens).

Plessy v. Ferguson

Segregation was legal (“separate but equal”).

Brown v. Board of Education

Segregation in schools is unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination in public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned literacy tests and poll taxes for voting.

Affirmative Action

Programs to boost opportunities for historically discriminated groups.

UC Regents v. Bakke

Schools can’t use strict quotas but can consider race.

Harvard v. Students for Fair Admissions

Race-based admissions violated Equal Protection Clause.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Would guarantee equal rights regardless of sex (not fully ratified).

The image reflects the nationwide institutional practice of redlining.

Redlining

All of the following were important milestones in ending segregation except:

Plessy v. Ferguson — because it upheld segregation.

“We conclude in the field of education that the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place…” This ruling came from which case?

Brown v. Board of Education.

Patient autonomy is paramount…” The quote by Congressman Ami Bera aligns with which political party?

C Anti-Federalists — because it critiques federal government interference.

Mapp v. Ohio established which legal doctrine?

The exclusionary rule (freedom from unreasonable search and seizure).

Which court decision is based on the right to privacy?

Roe v. Wade.

The writers of the Constitution believed federalism protects liberty because:

 The federal government would be separated in powers.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did all of the following except:

Create affirmative action.

The original intent behind affirmative action was:

To help women and minorities “catch up.”

What explains the increase in girls’ school sports participation?

Title IX.

The Lilly Ledbetter Act is related to:

Pay equity — not school sports.

The present-day impact of the Montgomery Bus Boycott:

Shows the power of ordinary citizens to create change through economic pressure.

Why are Supreme Court appointments highly political?

Judges serve for decades and may shift legal policies; incorrect answer was: judges can be bribed (false).

Why was Brown v. Board more symbolic than immediately effective?

A. The courts had no enforcement power, and Southern resistance was strong.

Students do not shed their rights at the schoolhouse gate.” Do students keep most rights in school?

No — schools can limit rights for safety and discipline.

The graph on homeownership likely reflects which practice?

Redlining.

The “clear and present danger” test was developed by:

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.

In Mahoney v. B.L., the Court protected student speech outside of school. What was not a reason for protecting it?

The speech did not disrupt school activities.  She did not name specific students or staff.

The Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved:

Representation of large and small states.

 Central issue in the framing of the Constitution?

How strong to make the central government.

Why did grant-in-aid systems grow except:

D. More and more block grants were available — false.

Democracy requires:

Government that allows participation and follows majority rule.

Which is not a natural right?

Economic equality.

The Constitution as ratified in 1788 reflects which principle?

Federalism.

Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?

Many believed the 14th Amendment already protected women, and many women opposed it.

 What is most likely true of an activist judge?

B. They are politically liberal.

The cartoon is referencing which constitutional clause?

The Establishment Clause.

Does the Constitution specify nine justices for the Supreme Court?

 False — Congress decides the number.

Where is state power explicitly recognized in the Constitution?

10th amendment

Which is not an advancement in women’s rights?

 Women being paid the same as men for the same job — this still hasn’t been fully achieved.

An example of true equality of opportunity?

Public school system.

Q: Article I, Section 8’s “Necessary and Proper Clause” reflects:

Implied powers.

The graph reflects all the following except:

C. The 24th Amendment — that one is about poll taxes, not housing trends.