European Revolutions Test Knowt

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European powers after Napoleon's defeat to restore order and balance of power in Europe (1814-1815).

The Five Powers

The five major powers in Europe: Britain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and worked to restore European monarchies.

Bourbon family

Ruled France.

Hapsburg family

Ruled Austria and parts of Central Europe.

Buffer Zone

A neutral area set up after Napoleon’s defeat to separate major European powers.

Principle of Legitimacy

The idea that legitimate monarchs who had been deposed by Napoleon should be restored to power.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia to maintain peace and suppress revolutionary movements after Napoleon’s defeat.

Nationalism

The belief that people of a common culture, history, and language should form their own nation.

Liberalism

Political philosophy advocating for individual freedoms, constitutional governments, and social reforms.

Toussaint L’Overture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French rule and slavery.

Dessalines

Haitian general who succeeded L’Overture and declared Haiti's independence.

Bolivar

Venezuelan leader who helped liberate much of South America from Spanish rule.

San Martin

Argentine leader who played a key role in the independence of South American countries, including Chile and Peru.

O’Higgins

Chilean revolutionary leader who helped free Chile from Spanish rule alongside San Martin.

Grito de Dolores

The call to arms issued by Miguel Hidalgo to begin the Mexican War of Independence (1810).

Morelos

Mexican revolutionary leader who took over after Hidalgo's death, continuing the fight for independence.

Hidalgo

Mexican priest and revolutionary leader who initiated the revolt against Spanish rule in 1810.

Iturbide

Mexican military leader who declared himself Emperor of Mexico after its independence (1822), later overthrown. Originally defeated Hidalgo and Moreos in their attempt at revolution but decided to declare Mexico free due to fear of another attempt at rebellion.

King John of Portugal

Fled to Brazil during Napoleon’s invasion; his son, Dom Pedro, became the first emperor of Brazil.

Decembrists

Russian army officers who staged a failed revolt in 1825 against Tsar Nicholas I’s ascension.

Crimean War

Conflict between Russia who wanted to take over land in the ottoman empire and an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire over territorial control (1853-1856).

Mazzini

Italian nationalist and revolutionary leader, known for his efforts to unite Italy.

Louis Philippe

King of France from 1830-1848, known as the "Citizen King" for his middle-class support. Supported liberal reforms in France.

Modernization

The process of adopting new technologies, political reforms, and economic practices to improve a country’s development.

Russification

Russian policy aimed at suppressing non-Russian cultures and promoting Russian language and identity.

Romanticism

Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature in reaction to the Enlightenment.

Realism

Artistic movement focused on depicting everyday life and ordinary people, often in a straightforward manner.

Impressionism

Art movement focusing on capturing the effects of light and color, often through quick brush strokes.

Unification

The process of combining smaller states or regions into a single unified nation.

Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister of Sardinia who played a key role in unifying Italy.

Austro-Prussian War / Seven Weeks War

1866 conflict between Austria and Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.

Franco-Prussian War

1870-1871 war between France and Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany and the fall of Napoleon III.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany through 'blood and iron' and strategic wars.

Grimm Brothers

German folklorists known for collecting and publishing traditional fairy tales.

Napoleon III

Emperor of France (1852-1870) who tried to expand French power but was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.

Ems Dispatch

A message from King Wilhelm I of Prussia to Napoleon III that was altered by Bismarck to provoke the Franco-Prussian War.

Wilhelm I

King of Prussia and the first Emperor of unified Germany.

General Windischgratz

Austrian general who crushed uprisings in the Austrian Empire during the revolutions of 1848.

Magyars

Ethnic group in Hungary who fought for independence from Austria during the revolutions of 1848.

Kleindeutsch

Lesser German solution to German unification, which excluded Austria.

Grossdeutsch

Greater German solution to German unification, which included Austria.

Metternich's three-part plan

Restore the balance of power, maintain conservative monarchies, and suppress nationalism and liberalism.

Containment of nationalism and liberalism

Metternich imposed strict laws and supported monarchies to stifle change, resulting in revolts in 1848.

Caste system in Latin America

A hierarchical system with Spaniards at the top and indigenous people/slaves at the bottom, fostering resentment and independence movements.

San Martin and Bolivar

Liberated several South American countries from Spanish rule through military campaigns.

Hidalgo and Morelos' failure

Lacked unified support and were defeated by loyalists and the Spanish military.

Haitian Revolution vs. Brazil's independence

Haiti had a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture; Brazil gained independence with minimal violence.

Nationalism and liberalism revolts (1820s-1848)

Desire for national independence and reform prompted revolts against monarchies and empires.

Russification by the Romanov family

Imposed Russian culture on non-Russian peoples, leading to resistance and lack of unity in the empire.

Successful nations in 1830

Belgium, Greece, and France achieved independence through strong nationalist movements and external support.

Austrian and Prussian failure in 1848

Revolutionaries were uncoordinated, allowing monarchies to suppress uprisings with military force.

Cavour's unification of Italy

Used diplomacy, alliances, and military action to unite most of Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Bismarck’s unification of Germany

Utilized war and diplomacy; in 1848, Austrian revolutions were crushed by military

How did Belgium gain independence

The Belgians were mad about being merged with the Netherlands so they decided to revolt, rioting against dutch rulers in Brussels. They were declared independent in 1830 and acknowledged a country in the treaty of London

How did Greece gain independence

They rebelled against the ottoman Turks who were occupying their land. Due to the Greek culture being widely respected they were aided by the French, British, and Russians to defeat the Ottomans in the battle of Navarino.

Italian revolution

Italy’s revolution happened in two parts; the northern part led by Camillo Di Cavour and the southern part led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. The north was united by Cavour during the Crimean war when he both gained the support of France and with their help, drove Austria out of north Italy. Southern Italy was united by Giuseppe Giaribaldi who used guerilla warfare tactics to take areas such as Sicily. The two sides eventually joined, annexing Venetia and capturing the papal states (Rome).