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Mexican military leader who declared himself Emperor of Mexico after its independence (1822), later overthrown. Originally defeated Hidalgo and Moreos in their attempt at revolution but decided to declare Mexico free due to fear of another attempt at rebellion.
Conflict between Russia who wanted to take over land in the ottoman empire and an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire over territorial control (1853-1856).
King of France from 1830-1848, known as the "Citizen King" for his middle-class support. Supported liberal reforms in France.
Metternich's three-part plan
Restore the balance of power, maintain conservative monarchies, and suppress nationalism and liberalism.
Containment of nationalism and liberalism
Metternich imposed strict laws and supported monarchies to stifle change, resulting in revolts in 1848.
Caste system in Latin America
A hierarchical system with Spaniards at the top and indigenous people/slaves at the bottom, fostering resentment and independence movements.
San Martin and Bolivar
Liberated several South American countries from Spanish rule through military campaigns.
Hidalgo and Morelos' failure
Lacked unified support and were defeated by loyalists and the Spanish military.
Haitian Revolution vs. Brazil's independence
Haiti had a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture; Brazil gained independence with minimal violence.
Nationalism and liberalism revolts (1820s-1848)
Desire for national independence and reform prompted revolts against monarchies and empires.
Russification by the Romanov family
Imposed Russian culture on non-Russian peoples, leading to resistance and lack of unity in the empire.
Successful nations in 1830
Belgium, Greece, and France achieved independence through strong nationalist movements and external support.
Austrian and Prussian failure in 1848
Revolutionaries were uncoordinated, allowing monarchies to suppress uprisings with military force.
Cavour's unification of Italy
Used diplomacy, alliances, and military action to unite most of Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Bismarck’s unification of Germany
Utilized war and diplomacy; in 1848, Austrian revolutions were crushed by military
How did Belgium gain independence
The Belgians were mad about being merged with the Netherlands so they decided to revolt, rioting against dutch rulers in Brussels. They were declared independent in 1830 and acknowledged a country in the treaty of London
How did Greece gain independence
They rebelled against the ottoman Turks who were occupying their land. Due to the Greek culture being widely respected they were aided by the French, British, and Russians to defeat the Ottomans in the battle of Navarino.
Italian revolution
Italy’s revolution happened in two parts; the northern part led by Camillo Di Cavour and the southern part led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. The north was united by Cavour during the Crimean war when he both gained the support of France and with their help, drove Austria out of north Italy. Southern Italy was united by Giuseppe Giaribaldi who used guerilla warfare tactics to take areas such as Sicily. The two sides eventually joined, annexing Venetia and capturing the papal states (Rome).
