European Revolutions Test Knowt

1. Congress of Vienna

• Meeting of European powers after Napoleon's defeat to restore order and balance of power in Europe (1814-1815).

2. The Five Powers

• The five major powers in Europe: Britain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

3. Klemens von Metternich

• Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and worked to restore European monarchies.

4. Bourbon and Hapsburg families

• Bourbon family ruled France, while Hapsburg family ruled Austria and parts of Central Europe.

5. Buffer Zone

• A neutral area set up after Napoleon’s defeat to separate major European powers.

6. Principle of Legitimacy

• The idea that legitimate monarchs who had been deposed by Napoleon should be restored to power.

7. Quadruple Alliance

• Alliance of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia to maintain peace and suppress revolutionary movements after Napoleon’s defeat.

8. Nationalism

• The belief that people of a common culture, history, and language should form their own nation.

9. Liberalism

• Political philosophy advocating for individual freedoms, constitutional governments, and social reforms.

10. Toussaint L’Overture

• Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French rule and slavery.

11. Dessalines

• Haitian general who succeeded L’Overture and declared Haiti's independence.

12. Bolivar

• Venezuelan leader who helped liberate much of South America from Spanish rule.

13. San Martin

• Argentine leader who played a key role in the independence of South American countries, including Chile and Peru.

14. O’Higgins

• Chilean revolutionary leader who helped free Chile from Spanish rule alongside San Martin.

15. Grito de Dolores

• The call to arms issued by Miguel Hidalgo to begin the Mexican War of Independence (1810).

16. Morelos

• Mexican revolutionary leader who took over after Hidalgo's death, continuing the fight for independence.

17. Hidalgo

• Mexican priest and revolutionary leader who initiated the revolt against Spanish rule in 1810.

18. Iturbide

• Mexican military leader who declared himself Emperor of Mexico after its independence (1822), later overthrown.

19. King John and Dom Pedro

• King John of Portugal fled to Brazil during Napoleon’s invasion; his son, Dom Pedro, became the first emperor of Brazil.

20. Decembrists

• Russian army officers who staged a failed revolt in 1825 against Tsar Nicholas I’s ascension.

21. Crimean War

• Conflict between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire over territorial control (1853-1856).

22. Mazzini

• Italian nationalist and revolutionary leader, known for his efforts to unite Italy.

23. Louis Philippe

• King of France from 1830-1848, known as the "Citizen King" for his middle-class support.

24. Modernization

• The process of adopting new technologies, political reforms, and economic practices to improve a country’s development.

25. Russification

• Russian policy aimed at suppressing non-Russian cultures and promoting Russian language and identity.

26. Romanticism

• Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature in reaction to the Enlightenment.

27. Realism

• Artistic movement focused on depicting everyday life and ordinary people, often in a straightforward manner.

28. Impressionism

• Art movement focusing on capturing the effects of light and color, often through quick brush strokes.

29. Unification

• The process of combining smaller states or regions into a single unified nation.

30. Camillo di Cavour

• Prime Minister of Sardinia who played a key role in unifying Italy.

31. Austro-Prussian War / Seven Weeks War

• 1866 conflict between Austria and Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.

32. Franco-Prussian War

• 1870-1871 war between France and Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany and the fall of Napoleon III.

33. Otto von Bismarck

• Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany through "blood and iron" and strategic wars.

34. Grimm Brothers

• German folklorists known for collecting and publishing traditional fairy tales.

35. Napoleon III

• Emperor of France (1852-1870) who tried to expand French power but was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.

36. Ems Dispatch

• A message from King Wilhelm I of Prussia to Napoleon III that was altered by Bismarck to provoke the Franco-Prussian War.

37. Wilhelm I

• King of Prussia and the first Emperor of unified Germany.

38. General Windischgratz

• Austrian general who crushed uprisings in the Austrian Empire during the revolutions of 1848.

39. Magyars

• Ethnic group in Hungary who fought for independence from Austria during the revolutions of 1848.

40. Kleindeutsch

• "Lesser German" solution to German unification, which excluded Austria.

41. Grossdeutsch

• "Greater German" solution to German unification, which included Austria.

Key Questions Flashcards

1. Describe Metternich’s three-part plan to put Europe back together after Napoleon.

• Restore balance of power, maintain conservative monarchies, and suppress nationalism and liberalism.

2. How did Metternich try to contain nationalism and liberalism? What was the result?

• Metternich created strict laws and supported monarchies to stifle movements for change, but this led to revolts in 1848.

3. Describe the caste system in Latin America and how it could cause a desire for independence.

• The system was highly stratified with Spaniards at the top and indigenous people and slaves at the bottom, leading to resentment and calls for independence.

4. Describe how San Martin and Bolivar gained independence for South America.

• Through military campaigns, both leaders liberated several countries in South America from Spanish rule.

5. Describe why Hidalgo and Morelos failed in Mexico.

• They lacked a unified support base and were defeated by loyalists and the Spanish military.

6. Why was the revolt in Haiti different from the others? Why was Brazil different?

• Haiti’s revolt was a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, while Brazil gained independence without significant violence.

7. How did nationalism and liberalism cause revolts in Europe in the 1820s–1848?

• The desire for national independence and liberal reforms inspired revolts against monarchies and empires.

8. How did the Romanov family use Russification as a means of nationalism? Did it succeed?

• Tsar Nicholas I sought to impose Russian culture on non-Russian peoples, but it led to resistance and did not unify the empire.

9. Why did Belgium, Greece, and France succeed in 1830?

• These nations had strong nationalist movements and external support that helped them achieve independence.

10. Why did Austria and Prussia fail in 1848?

• Revolutionaries lacked coordination and the monarchies were able to suppress uprisings using military force.

11. How did Cavour unite Italy?

• Through diplomacy, alliances, and military action, Cavour united most of Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia.

12. How did Bismarck unite Germany? Describe the revolutions in Austria in 1848.

• Bismarck used war and diplomacy to unify Germany. In 1848, revolutions in Austria were crushed by military force, leading to temporary repression.