Genes and inheritance

DNA

Genetic material containing genes

Genes

Units of heredity, determine traits

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Chromosomes

Structures carrying genes

Genetic variation

Differences in DNA sequences

Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:

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Alleles separate during gamete formation

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Genes for different traits segregate independently

Types of Inheritance Patterns:

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Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

Observable traits

Punnett Squares

Tool to predict offspring genotypes

Genetic Disorders:

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Meiosis:

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Produce gametes

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Two

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Increases

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Halved

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Four genetically different cells

Mitosis:

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Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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One

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Maintained

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Conserved

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Two genetically identical cells

Codons

3-nucleotide sequences on mRNA

tRNA

carries specific amino acids

Anticodon

complementary to mRNA codon

Ribosome

site of translation

Start codon

AUG (codes for methionine)

Hydrophobicity

Phenylalanine (F) is most hydrophobic

Charge

Lysine (K) is positively charged

Polarity

Cysteine (C) is polar

Size

Tryptophan (W) is largest

Acidity/Basicity

Histidine (H) is basic

Genetics

The study of genes and heredity

Gene

A unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring

Chromosome

Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genes

Allele

Different forms of a gene

Genotype

An individual's genetic makeup

Phenotype

An individual's observable traits

Dominant

A trait that is expressed when present

Recessive

A trait that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a gene

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a gene

Punnett square

A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross

Inheritance

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

Mendelian genetics

The principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel

Genetic disorder

A condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA

Genetic counseling

Providing information and support to individuals with genetic conditions

Heritability

The proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors