• DNA: Genetic material containing genes

• Genes: Units of heredity, determine traits

• Alleles: Different forms of a gene

• Chromosomes: Structures carrying genes

• Genetic variation: Differences in DNA sequences

• Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:

  • Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation

  • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently

• Types of Inheritance Patterns:

  • Autosomal Dominant

  • Autosomal Recessive

  • X-linked

• Genetic Terminology:

  • Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism

  • Phenotype: Observable traits

• Punnett Squares:

  • Tool to predict offspring genotypes

• Genetic Disorders:

  • Cystic Fibrosis

  • Huntington's Disease

• Genetic mutation in hemoglobin gene

• Causes red blood cells to be sickle-shaped

• Leads to blockages in blood vessels

• Symptoms include pain, anemia, organ damage

• Treatments focus on managing symptoms and complications

Genetics and Inheritance

• Central Idea: Genetics and Inheritance

Main Branches:

1. Types of Inheritance

   • Autosomal Dominant

   • Autosomal Recessive

   • X-linked Dominant

   • X-linked Recessive

   • Y-linked

2. Genetic Disorders

   • Cystic Fibrosis

   • Huntington's Disease

   • Sickle Cell Anemia

   • Down Syndrome

3. Mendelian Genetics

   • Law of Segregation

   • Law of Independent Assortment

4. Genetic Variation

   • Mutation

   • Recombination

   • Genetic Drift

   • Gene Flow

5. Genetic Testing

   • Carrier Testing

   • Prenatal Testing

   • Predictive Testing

   • Newborn Screening

6. Applications of Genetics

   • Agriculture

   • Medicine

   • Forensics

   • Biotechnology

7. Ethical Considerations

   • Genetic Counseling

   • Privacy Concerns

   • Gene Editing

   • Genetic Discrimination

• Codons: 3-nucleotide sequences on mRNA

• tRNA: carries specific amino acids

• Anticodon: complementary to mRNA codon

• Ribosome: site of translation

• Start codon: AUG (codes for methionine)

• Hydrophobicity: Phenylalanine (F) is most hydrophobic

• Charge: Lysine (K) is positively charged

• Polarity: Cysteine (C) is polar

• Size: Tryptophan (W) is largest

• Acidity/Basicity: Histidine (H) is basic

• Meiosis:

  • Purpose: Produce gametes

  • Number of divisions: Two

  • Genetic variation: Increases

  • Chromosome number: Halved

  • Result: Four genetically different cells

• Mitosis:

  • Purpose: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

  • Number of divisions: One

  • Genetic variation: Maintained

  • Chromosome number: Conserved

  • Result: Two genetically identical cells

• Meiosis I:

  • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up

  • Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate

  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate

• Meiosis II:

  • Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again

  • Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate

• Genetics: The study of genes and heredity

• Gene: A unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring

• Chromosome: Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genes

• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions

• Allele: Different forms of a gene

• Genotype: An individual's genetic makeup

• Phenotype: An individual's observable traits

• Dominant: A trait that is expressed when present

• Recessive: A trait that is masked when a dominant allele is present

• Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene

• Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene

• Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross

• Inheritance: The passing of traits from parents to offspring

• Mendelian genetics: The principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel

• Genetic variation: Differences in genetic makeup among individuals

• Genetic disorder: A condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA

• Genetic counseling: Providing information and support to individuals with genetic conditions

• Heritability: The proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors