final exam

exam

Ego-Dystonic

those who have them are aware they have a problem and tend to be distressed by their symptoms.

Ego-syntonic

the person experiencing them doesn't necessarily think they have a problem

DSM-5 Clusters

Contains ten distinct personality disorder daignoses, grouped into three clusters.

Charles Dawrin

introduced the theory of evolution; believed that reproduction was based on the "survival of the fit"

Simon and Binet

developed first IQ test commonly used today, first modern intelligence test

Ego-Dystonic

those who have them are aware they have a problem and tend to be distressed by their symptoms.

Personality disorders

Psychological disorders marked by inflexible, disruptive, and ednuring behavior patterns that impair social and other functioning; -Whether the sufferer recongizes that or not.

Personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS)

The prevalence of this diagnosis suggests that while clinicians can identify a personality disorder in a patient, figuring out the details of the condition can be messy and difficult.

Dimentional Model

Would assess a patient not with the aim of diagnosing one disorder or another, but instead simply finding out that they rank high on narcissism and avoidance.

Four Dimensions on a scale

Culture

mind

life

Matter

Border line personality Disorder (BPD)

A complicated set of learned behaviors and emotional responses to traumatic or neglectful environments, particularly in childhood. In a sense, people with this disorder learn that rage or self-harm helped them cope with traumatic situations, but as a result, they also end up using them in non-traumatic situations.

Antisocial Personality disorder

A personality disorder in which a person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Their destructive behavior surfaces in childhood or adolescence, beginning with excessive lying, fighting, stealing, violence, or manipulation.

Impairment in fear conditioning

Lower than normal response to things that typically startle or frighten children like loud and unpleasant noises.

Conduct Disorder in kids

A conduct disorder is characterized by a recurring pattern of behaviour that violates the fundamental rights of others. Children with conduct disorders are self-centered and indifferent to the feelings of others, and they may bully, damage property, lie, or steal without remorse.

Elizabeth Cochran

a journalist assumed the alias Nellie Bly and feigned a mental illness to report on the truly awful conditions inside psychiatric hospitals in the US, which were known as asylums at the time. She found rotten food, cold showers, prevalent rats, abusive nurses, and patients being tied down in her famous expose "Ten Days in a Mad House".

David Rosenhan

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting.

distinctions between cults and traditional religions

A religion is part of a larger culture, and its members are free to come and go as they like. A cult is often anti-social, confining its devotees' social lives to other cult members. \n -A cult is often led by a human leader who is

Charles Darwin

Darwin proposed that species can change over time, that new species come from pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor.

Natural selection

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.

Psychology Disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Deviant

A person who breaks significant societal or group norms

it's used to describe thoughts and behavior that are different from most of the rest of your cultural context.

Disorder

a disturbance in the normal function of a part of the body

Dysfunction

when a person's ability to work and live is clearly, often measurably, impaired.

Medical model

The Medical Model champions the notion that psychological disorders have physiological causes that can be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, and treated, and sometimes even cured.

Biopsychological model

a model that addresses how biological, psychological, and social factors interact and affect psychological health

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Each new edition incorporates changes based on the latest research but also how our understanding of mental health and behavior evolves over time.

social psychology

which focuses on the power of the situation. It examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another in certain conditions.

Attribution theory

This theory simply suggests that we can explain someone's behavior by crediting either their stable, enduring traits - also known as their disposition - or the situation at hand.

fundemnetal attribution Error

The tendency for observers when analyzing another's behaviour to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

central route persuasion

Involves calling on basic thinking and reasoning to convince people.

peripheral route persuasion

influences people by way of incidental cues like a speaker's physical attractiveness or personal relatability

How do attitudes and behaviour connect

Our attitudes can be affected by our behaviours

Foot-in-theDoor phenomenon

The tendency for people to more readily comply with a certain big request after they've first agreed to smaller, more innocuous requests

Standford Prison Experiment

philip zimbardo randomply assigned college students to either be prisoners or guards and watched how they became the characters they were assigned--lasted only 6 days

Theory of cognitive dissonance, how it eases individual tension

The notion that we experience discomfort, or dissonance, when our thoughts, beliefs, or behaviours are inconsistent with each other.

Prejudice

''Prejudgement'' an unjustified, typically negative, attitude toward an individual or group

The four four categories of prejudice

1. unprejudiced nondiscriminators,

2\. unprejudiced discriminators,

3\. prejudiced nondiscriminators, and

4\. prejudiced discriminators.

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Dual thought process

while we're aware of our explicit thoughts, or implicit cognition still operates under the radar, leaving us clueless about its effect on our attitudes and behavior.

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A test implemented in the late 1990's to try to gauge implicit attitudes, identities, beliefs, and biases people are unwilling or unable to report.

Strereotypic condition

Your keystrokes correspond to stereotypical pairs.

Counter-stereotypic condition

situation in which an individual behaves in a way that contradicts the stereotypes associated with their group.

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

In-group out group phenomenon

Prejudices can also be driven by the "us vs. them''.

Social constructs

Something that we as a society create and enforce

Gender stratification

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege across genders.

Gendered media influence

representation of gender roles, identities, and stereotypes in various forms of media such as television, movies, music, and advertising.

Sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

Raewyn Connell

In Australia, she is a sociologist who is most known for developing concept of hegemonic masculinity as a part of men's studies.

Patriarchal dividends

Benefits that accrue to men simply because they are men

anticipatory socialization

processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

Second Shift

In which women come home from work to more work - Cooking laundry, childcare- whereas men are more likely to spend their time in leisure after work.

emphasized femininities

dominant images of the supposedly ideal woman; includes dependence, sexual receptivity, motherhood, and subordination by men

Title IX

Passed in 1972, Title IX is a law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in public schools.

Impact of Title IX

Title IX required that schools offer girls just as many opportunities to play sports as boys.

* it also forced colleges to increase their funding for female sports scholarships, increase in women pursuing higher education.

Pink collar jobs

These jobs with the highest concerntrations of women tend to come with both lower prestige and lower pay.

glass ceiling

The invisible barrier that stops women's advancement to the top levels of an organization.

Gender wage gap

the difference between wages earned by men and wages earned by women

\-Fewer women are offered higher paying job positions

Socialization of women

Gender socialization is also part of why women might choose to opt out of the workforce, to care for children.

Crisis of masculinity

The idea that men's perception of what a man is and how he ought to behave has been undermined by social and economic changes.

benevolent sexism

acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females that leads to unequal treatment

Rebecca Cann

Discovered mitochondrial eve

Louis & Mary Leakey

anthropologists that were the discovers of the bones of early man, they defined a creature called homo erectus (upright man).

Jane Goodall

English zoologist noted for her studies of chimpanzees in the wild

Hans Seyle

Created General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test

Nonverbal intelligence test that measures cognitive ability in children and adults who have difficulty with verbal tasks, such as those who have limited language skills or hearing impairments

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a method of treating mental illness through talk therapy and understanding the unconscious mind and its influence on behaviour and emotions

Cults vs. Religions

A religion is part of a larger culture, and its members are free to come and go as they like. A cult is often anti-social, confining its adherents' social lives to other cult members and worshipping a living leader.

neurosis vs psychosis

*Neurosis* is a general term referring to mental distress that, unlike psychosis, does not prevent rational thought or daily functioning.

*Psychosis* is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state involving the loss of contact with reality, causing the detioration of normal social functioning

distiction between nature and nurture

"nature" is Determined by genetic structure that a child inherits from their parents at the time of conception;•Can occur no matter where or how your grow up; while "nurture" is Learning that occurs when our behaviour changes as a result of experiences.

Intrinsic

Need for self-esteem, self-fulfillment and self-determination

Approach emphasizes personal freedom, choice, self-determination and striving for personal growth;

Different types of intelligence

analytical, or problem-solving intelligence,

creative intelligence, or the ability to adapt to new situations,

practical intelligence for everyday tasks

Abraham Maslow

1. Physiological needs: basic needs for survival such as food, water, shelter, and sleep
2. Safety needs: needs for security and stability, such as safety from physical and emotional harm
3. Love and belonging needs: needs for social interaction, love, and a sense of belonging
4. Esteem needs: needs for self-esteem, self-respect, and respect from others
5. Self-actualization needs: needs for personal growth, self-fulfillment, and realizing one's potential.

Eugene Aserinsky

He was the first to observe periods of rapid eye movements in sleeping infants in the early 1950s.

Nathaniel Kleitman

sleep researcher who first discovered that dreams occur in REM and about the REM rebound effect

Francis Crick

English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1916)

Erich Fromm

his theory centered around the need to belong and the loneliness that freedom can bring

Rosalind Cartwright

She hypothesized that dreaming, particularly during REM sleep, is a way to process emotions experienced during the day.

Ivan Pavlov

Developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex.

Jonathan Winson

Developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex.

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

Jenson & Shockley

Shockley is credited with inventing the junction transistor and later the three-layer diode, which formed the basis for all modern electronic devices.

George Gerbner

communication professor who was a leading researcher on media violence; he estimated that by the age of 18, the average U.S. viewer has witnessed 32,000 murders and 40,000 attempted murders on television

Auguste Comte

founder of sociology

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Emile Durkheim

\-Father of sociology, pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics

\-Major proponent of functionalism

\-Argued that modern society was more complex than primitive societies because they were all similar, shared a common language. Even when people were dissimilar, they relied on each other to make society function.

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Weber & Blumer

Weber: known for his contributions in the areas of social action, social stratification, and the concept of the "ideal type."

Blumer: is best known for his concept of "symbolic interaction" which emphasizes how people interact with one another and interpret their experiences

Alfred Bandura

behaviorist who looked at personality and self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism

Homo Habilis

(man of skill) first to make stone tools

Neanderthal

Closest extinct human relative. Fossils found in Neander Valley Germany. Lived in Europe, Asia, Middle East. Cold-weather adapted. Social structure, tools, buried dead, hunted.

Cro-Magnon

a species also referred to as Homo Sapiens; seem to have replaced Neanderthals

Homo Erectus

extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain

Australopithecus

The earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago

Sahelanthropus tchadensis "Toumai"

6-7 million year old skull, oldest possible human ancestor yet found

Hans Selye

(1907-1982) Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome.

Lorge-Thorndike

Intelligence Test is a nonverbal measure of general intelligence that was developed by Ivan Lorge and Robert Thorndike in the 1940s.

emotions

mental and physical reactions to something in our environment or something we think of or remember

STRESS

the reaction of the body and mind to everyday challenges and demands

EUSTRESS

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal