Mr. Rosendi CP9 Biology: DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

Proteins differ from one another by the order of ___.

amino acids

Any change in a nitrogen base sequence

mutation

The function of ___ is to carry specific amino acids to the ribosome

tRNA

One tRNA molecule carries _ nitrogenous bases and _ amino acid

3;1

Proteins are linked by ___ bonds.

peptide

the entire process by which proteins are made

protein synthesis

a molecule made of linked nucleotides

ribonucleic acid

the process of reading instructions on an RNA molecule to put together the amino acids that make up a protein

translation

the process of transferring a gene's instructions for making a protein to an RNA molecule

transcription

a nitrogen base used in RNA instead of the base Thymine found in DNA

uracil

carries amino acids to ribosome, and made during transcription

mRNA

composed of two chains of nucleotides and contains Thymine

DNA

contains ribose, phosphate & ribose, and Uracil

mRNA and tRNA

involved in translation

DNA and RNA

contains Cytosine

DNA, mRNA, and tRNA

Where is DNA located?

the nucleus

Where is mRNA located?

mRNA

Where is tRNA located?

the cytoplasm

How many strands does DNA have?

2

How many strands does mRNA have?

1

How many strands does tRNA have?

1

What are some of DNA's functions?

Stores genetic information that codes for all proteins made in the cell

What are some of mRNA's functions?

Carries temporary copies of the message contained in DNA to the ribosome to be translated

What are some of tRNA's functions?

Carry amino acids to the ribosome to create the proper proteins

In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the .

Nucleus

. Transcription begins when __ binds to the gene's promoter

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase adds complementary as it "reads" the gene

nucleotides

a strand of nucleotides that carries the DNA message from the nucleus to the ribosomes

mRNA

the part of DNA that is transcribed into mRNA

exons

the part of DNA that is not transcribed into mRNA.

introns

DNA has the instruction to make what?

protein

The message of DNA is taken out of the nucleus by a special type of RNA called what?

mRNA

RNA is different from DNA because it is what?

single-stranded

The RNA takes the message to the , where proteins are made

Ribosome

Which molecule links fragments to DNA?

DNA ligase

Which enzyme is responsible for the process of transcription?

RNA polymerase

A mutation where 2 pieces of different chromosomes are interchanged

Translocation

A change in a single nucleotide in a DNA

A point mutation

Responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication.

helicase

RNA contains the sugar ___.

ribose

In a school play, a promoter is like a ….

Start signal for replication, and binding site for RNA polymerase

Find out which amino acid is specified by the mRNA code GCC.

Alanine

How many kinds of mutation are there?

4

A permanent change to the DNA code of a gene

Gene mutation

A mutation that involves one nucleotide

Point mutation

A mutation that involves the addition of nucleotide

Insertion mutation

A mutation in which two pieces of different chromosomes are interchange

Translocation mutation

Which of the mutations above could lead to a frameshift mutation

Inversion mutation

Which of the following BEST describes what happens in a translocation

A segment of one chromosome is moved to a different chromosome.

What results from a point mutation in a DNA sequence?

One nucleotide is changed, possibly affecting a single protein.

Pyrimidine

a one-ring mitrogenous

Purine

a two ring nitrogenous base

Complementary strands

a particular DNA strand that is able to bond to another strand according to the base-pairing rule

cell cycle

sequence of cell growth/division that occurs in a cell between the beginning of one cell division and the beginning of the next cell division

Semiconservative replication

process of DNA replication that produces one original strand and one newly created strand

Helicase enzymes

unwind and uncoil the DNA strands

Replication forks

sites along DNA where separation and replication occur

Antiparallel

sites along DNA where separation and replication occur

Leading strand

Assembled 5’ to 3’, or toward replication fork and polymerase copies it continuously

Lagging strand

Assembled 3’ to 5’, or away from replication fork and polymerase assembles Okazaki fragments

Okazaki fragments

a series of short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication

ligase

enzyme that binds segments of the new DNA strand together

Histone

a small protein that associates with DNA to form a nucleosome

Chromosome

proteins and compacted DNA found in the nucleus

Nucleosome

a unit of histone proteins and its attached section of DNA

Chromatids

the short, thick rods of highly coiled, condensed DNA

Locus

the location of a gene on a certain chromosome

mRNA

messanger RNA

tRNA

transfer RNA

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

RNA splicing

the remove introns and join exons to create mature mRNA molecules