church history - klemm - chapter 4 intro - section 1

muhammed

the founder of islam, regarded as a prophet by muslims

papal states

the territory in modern-day central italy that was overseen by the pope from the eighth century until 1870

lay investiture

a practice in the middle ages whereby secular rulers chose the bishops for their territories, thus usurping the right of the pope to choose bishops

simony

the controversial practice of selling and buying positions or favor within the church. the church condemns this practice

feudalism

the governing system that prevailed in europe in the middle ages in which a superior or lord granted land to a vassal in return for military services of that vassal

albigenisianism

a heresy that falsely taught that all matter is evil and the spirit is inherently good (with the two being therefore opposed to each other) it spread throughout much of france in the thirteenth century

transubstantiation

church teaching that holds that the substance of the bread and wine is changed into the substance of the body and blood of christ at the consecration at mass

christendom

a time of great achievement in the middle ages when the church and western society were one. it refers to a group of nations in which catholicism was the established religion of the state. in a wider sense, the term refers to a larger territory where most people are christian

crusades

a series of military expeditions made according to a solemn vow to return holy places to the possession of the church from the muslims

papal inquisition

a church tribunal established in the thirteenth century that was first designed to curb the albigensian heresy. in collaboration with secular authorities, papal representatives employed the inquisition to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the aim of getting them to repent. unfortunately, before long, many abuses crept into the process

purgatory

the final purification of all who die in God's grace and friendship but remain perfectly purified. it is the final cleansing away of all sin and of all consequences of sin

early middle ages

civil instability, church fills a void, christendom

high middle ages

the great schism, university system, crusades

late middle ages

the black death, political chaos, spiritual recourse

protection and security from the world

what did the church provide in the midst of turmoil in the middle ages

st. patrick

born a roman citizen in britain, captured and enslaved in ireland by pirates, ultimately returned to britain and entered a monastery only to return to ireland and convert the people

st. augustine of canterbury

instrumental in the conversion of the anglo saxon king ethelbert, followed pope st. gregory's advice to "destroy as few pagan temple as possible", lead to changing purpose of such a temple

st. boniface

british monk who set up monasteries as a wandering priest, was not killed by frankish god thor after chopping down a tree dedicated to him, so many converted

hegira

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina

infidels

non-believers

pepin the short

He was Charles Martel's son. He was king and the Pope asked him for help against the Lombards who were invading. Pepin helps him and defeats them and in turn, the Pope names him king of the Franks. Then Pepin gives the Pope land called the Papal States.

charlemagne

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; pepin the shorts son

charles martel

Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours

submission

what does islam mean

the franks

a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s; help sought from them by charles martel

battle of tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

cluniac reforms

a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

hijrah/hegira

Event that marks the first year of the Muslim calendar