People of AP Euro Ch 12-22

Petrarch

• credited as the “father of the renaissance”

  • rediscovered classical texts and popularized them

  • demonstrated appreciation of classical world

Lorenzo Valla

• began modern historical-analysis

  • proved the Donation of Constantine was false because of its Latin

Desidirus Erasmus

• northern renaissance

  • cleared up errors in the Old Testament

  • wrote criticisms of the Church and what could improve

Niccolo Machiavelli

• diplomat

• “The Prince”

  • introduces the idea of “realpolitik” and “the ends justify the means”

  • this idea will be practiced by later leaders

Ferdinand & Isabella

• Spanish new monarchs

• beginning of centralized power w/ Reconquista and Inquisition

  • control over religion - “convert or leave”

Henry VIII

• starter of English Reformation

  • broke away from Catholic Church b/c Pope couldn’t annul his marriage

• also centralized power w/ Supremacy Act of 1534

Martin Luther

• accredited w/ starting the Reformation

  • 95 theses nailed to Wittenburg Church in 1517

  • motivated to reform because of the sale of indulgences in the Church

• translated Bible to vernacular

• challenged by traditional Catholic authority for heresy

John Calvin

• established Genevan Consistory in Switzerland

  • established a theocracy: the government was essentially regulated/ran by religious authorities

Elizabeth I

• Moderate Protestantism

  • Church of England/Anglican Church established

  • Book of Common Prayer

  • Outward conformity - go to Church, but believe what you want

• Brough religious stability

• a good example of:

  • religious toleration

  • a woman in power during this period

Henry IV

• wins War of the Three Henries as a Protestant

• converts to Catholicism to satisfy French population which was mostly Catholic

• but passes Edict of Nantes to allow some toleration of Protestants

Charles V

• Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain

• outlawed Luther and his followers

• would then go on to fight wars to stop Protestantism

  • ex. Schmalkaldic Wars

• ultimately failed

Philip II

• Son of Charles V, rules Spain

• goal of reuniting Europe under Catholicism

  • ex. Spanish Armada sent to England, defeated

• ultimately fails

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Portuguese

• established navigation schools to encourage navigation

  • an example of monarchical support of exploration

Ferdinand Magellan

• Portuguese

• he died early, but his crew completed the first full circumnavigation of the Earth

  • essentially, they sailed across the entire globe

Christopher Columbus

• Spanish

• 4 voyages start in 1492

• thought he could go westward to reach Asia

• landed on Caribbean Islands instead

  • first contact w/ New World

• settlements in Hispaniola

Cardinal Richelieu

• beginnings of absolutism

• implemented policies to centralize power:

  • restricting Protestant rights

  • use of intendants

Louis XIV

• greatest/model absolutist

  • Palace of Versailles: project power while also keeping nobles busy

  • Edict of Fontainebleau: revoked Edict of Nantes to control religion

  • taxation. . .

• however, costly wars led to:

  • decline of respect

  • bankruptcy/poor economy of France at his death

Oliver Cromwell

• rule after execution of Charles I

  • example of a non-monarch government; steps towards constitutionalism

Mary & William

• sign English Bill of Rights

  • have shared sovereignty w/ parliament

• example of a great power moving towards constitutionalism

  • inspires other nations

Peter the Great

• westernization of Russian nobles

• built capital of St. Petersburg

• regulated religious affairs

• taxed nobles but allowed serfdom

  • example of absolutism in the east

Aristotle

• ancient Greek philosopher

• incorrect views on:

  • geocentric view of earth

  • believed there were only 4 elements

• an example of a challenged authority

Galen

• ancient Greek physician

• incorrect views on:

  • 4 substances/humors

• exampled of challenged authority

Nicolaus Copernicus

• suggested heliocentric view of universe

  • was declared heresy in 1616 by Church

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

• Brahe observed orbits

• Kepler interpreted

  • confirmed elliptical orbits

  • discovered orbit time is relative to distance from the sun

• an example of observation to learn in this era

Galileo Galilei

• 1st European to observe w/ a telescope

• observed moon to confirm universe is made of material substance

  • disproved Aristotle

• punished for heresy

Isaac Newton

• invented Calculus

• Principia published 1687

  • evidence of universal gravity

  • leads to modern physics

  • challenged Aristotle’s views on motion

• scientific method - ideas from both Bacon and Descartes

Andreas Vesalius

• experimentation

  • dissected humans

  • anatomical drawings

• example of challenging Galen

  • Galen dissected animals and had incorrect views

William Harvey

• observations and dissections on living humans

• disproves Galen’s theory that there were 2 types of blood in the body and circulation started in the liver

Paracelsus

• suggested chemical imbalances caused sickness, not 4 humors

• contributions to modern medicine

• challenges Galen

Margaret Cavendish

• participated in scientific debates

• published works criticizing some empiricist views

• example of female participation during Scientific Revolution

Rene Descartes

• father of modern rationalism

  • deductive reasoningw

• Cartesian-dualism: separation of mind and body

John Locke

• Two Treatises of Government 1690

• introduces natural rights of life, liberty, and property

• introduces social contract

• inspires the American Revolution

Adam Smith

• Wealth of Nations 1776

  • most influential Enlightenment book

• introduces:

  • capitalism

  • laissez-faire

  • “invisible hand” - supply and demand of the market

Denis Diderot

• accredited w/ editing the Encyclopedia

• had to flee France to publish, sought refuge in Russia

Mary Wollstonecraft

• originator of modern feminism

• A Vindication of the Rights of Women

  • advocated for female equality

Rousseau

• French

• The Social Contract

  • Popular Sovereignty: power of the government comes from consent of the people

Voltaire

• French

• anti-clerical/secular; advocate for toleration

• influenced by Britain’s constitutional monarchy

  • introduces “Enlightened Absolutism/Despotism”

• wrote a multitude of writings criticizing traditional institutions of authority as well as nobles

  • would get him exiled from France

Frederick II the Great

• Prussian

• application of enlightenment ideas to government

  • ex. judicial reform, slight freedom of speech

• often had discussions w/ Voltaire to stretch thinking

Catherine the Great

• Russian

• allowed Diderot to finish Encyclopedia in Russia

• government reform:

  • elimination of torture

  • decrease of capital punishment

  • religious toleration

Maria Theresa

• Austrian

• treated provinces equally

• taxed both nobles and clergy

Joseph II

• Austrian

• attempted to abolish serfdom

• religious toleration

Marie Antoinette

• symbol of what is wrong with the French monarchy

• overspending for lavish lifestyle

Louis XVI

• king at time of French Revolution

• indecisive and weak ruler

• doesn’t improved economic conditions

• further loss of respect for French monarchy

National Assembly

• established and disbanded in 1789

• provisional government to write a new constitution

• response to domination of clergy and nobles in Estates-General

Maximillian Robespierre

• leader of Committee of Public Safety during French Reign of Terror

• bloody dictatorship

  • arrested/executed thousands

  • end in 1794 after the people execute him

Napoleon

• fully came to power w/ 1799 coup d’etat

• policies:

  • censorship

  • control of church w/ a concordat/treaty

  • his ego would be his downfall

• passed Napoleonic Code

  • standardized laws to replace medieval and revolutionary laws

  • remnants of this legislature would remain

Klemens von Metternich

• traditional conservative in reaction to Napoleon

• hosted the Congress of Vienna

  • largely responsible for Balance of Power thinking in this era

Louis-Napoleone (Napoleon III)

• elected French president, conservative at first

  • practiced Realpolitik

  • shifted to democratic law - expansion of franchise (voting rights)

• French stability for ~20 years

  • reconstruction of Paris

  • expansion of education to women

• unsuccessful domestic policies

  • interference in Mexico (attempt to establish Austrian emperor as ruler) backfired

• defeated in Franco-Prussian war

Otto von Bismarck

• credited w/ uniting Germany + increasing power

• practiced realpolitik

  • “blood and iron” - military strength

  • passed social welfare legislation

• diplomacy to avoid 2-front wards

• was Chancellor while Wilhelm I was Kaiser

Queen Victoria I

• improvements for English working class

• national confidence in Britain’s power

• reorganization of English culture (ex. what’s socially acceptable)

• long reign - example of successful ruling woman

Karl Marx

• wrote The Communist Manifesto w/ Friedrich Engels

  • introduction of communism - appealing to working class but….

  • ideas were utopian; presented but no plans on how to actually implement communism

Louis Pasteur

• hypothesized the Germ Theory in 1800s

• invention of pasteurization to kill bacteria

Joseph Lister

• improvements in health in the 1800s

• sterilization of office, wounds, hospitals

Marie Curie

• advancements in chemistry in the 1800s

  • discovery of radiation w/ her husband

Charles Darwin

• Theory of evolution

• ideas of natural selection and evolution would be applied to social problems

  • creates “social darwinism” and acts as justification for new imperialism