Campbell Biology in Focus Practice Problems - Chpt 4

Light Microscope

An optical instrument with lenses that refact visible light to magnify images of specimens

Light Microscope

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.

Organelles

A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.

Electron Microscope

Microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen.

Transmission Electron Microscope

An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells

Scanning Electron Microscope

An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces

Scanning Electron Microscope

SEM

Transmission Electron Microscope

TEM

Cell Fractionation

Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. "Before Neculeus"

Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals. "True Nucleous"

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Plasma Membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Nuclear Lamina

A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Chromosomes

DNA Structures that carry genetic information

Chromatin

DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes

Nucleolus

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

Ribosomes

A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis.

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

Vesicles

A sac made of membrane inside of cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried form one part of the cell to another

Smooth ER

Is ER that does not have ribosomes attached. It is a major site of lipid synthesis.

Rought ER

studded w/ ribosomes; sorts proteins and inserts them into the ER membrane

Glycoproteins

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

Transport Vesicles

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Golgi Apparatus

Consists of a stack of membrane enclosed sacs. receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER, modifies them, and then repackages and distribute them. Particularly active the distribution of newly synthesized materials to the cell surface. Secretory vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus release their contents out of the cell by exocytosis.

Lysosome

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

Phagocytosis

process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

Food Vacuoles

formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle

Central Vacuole

A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.

Mitochondria

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

Chloroplasts

A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.

Endosymbiont Theory

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Cristae

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Granum

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

Stroma

Fluid inside chloroplasts that surrounds Thylakoids.

Plastids

A group of membrane-bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.

Peroxisome

An organelle that contains the enzyme catalase. This enzyme deoxides harmfull substances that enter the cell into unharmful substances.

Cytoskeleton

A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell

Motor Proteins

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

Centrosome

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.

Centrioles

Cylinder structures that are composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules

Flagella

Long and whip-like and project outward from the cell

Cilla

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

Basal Body

A cellular organelle associated with the formation of cilia and flagella and similar to the centriole in structure.

Dyneins

Attached along each outer microtubule doublet and they use ATP for energy

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers made of molecules of actin that function in the movement and support of the cell

Intermediate Filaments

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

Cell Wall

A rigid structure found in pland cells that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Primary Cell Wall

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.

Middle Lamella

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

Secondary Cell Wall

A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support

Extracellular Matrix ECM

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

Collagen

A fibrous protein found in connective tissue

Proteoglycans

A small protein with many carb chains covalently attached

Fibronectin

A glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix.

Integrins

Cell surface receptor that binds to Fibronectin.