Lecture 10 (Viral Diseases of Cats I)

a) Cowpox in cats

a) Cowpox in cats

this pox virus has yet to be seen in the USA cat population, but presents with fever and is frequently fatal in cheetahs. it is acquired from bank voles that have subclinical infections. seen in Europe

a) Cowpox in cats
b) Pseudocowpox in cats
c) Bovine Papular Stomatitis in cats
d) Lumpy Skin Disease in cats

b) Feline pseudorabies

this infection is likely acquired when a cat eats the aborted fetus or dead piglet infected with the virus; was more common prior to national eradication program on farms // still can see in feral swine and panthers

a) Feline panleukopenia
b) Feline pseudorabies
c) Feline rabies
d) Feline viral rhinotracheitis

c) Pseudorabies

this virus, rare to see these days, presents the same in cats as it would in dogs and cattle: pruritus, self-mutilation, and death

a) Rabies
b) Lumpy Skin Disease
c) Pseudorabies
d) Viral Rhinotracheitis

c) Pseudorabies

this virus may also be referred to as Aujeszky's Disease or Mad Itch and has been isolated from Florida Panthers

a) Rabies
b) Lumpy Skin Disease
c) Pseudorabies
d) Viral Rhinotracheitis

c) Calicivirus & Herpesvirus

*along with Chlamydia trachomatis

in the Feline Upper Respiratory-Conjunctival Disease Complex several agents are important including what two types of viruses?

a) Poxvirus & Herpesviurs
b) Herpesvirus & Influenzavirus
c) Calicivirus & Herpesvirus
d) Influenzavirus & Calicivirus

b) Herpesvirus

Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) is part of the Feline Upper Respiratory-Conjunctival Disease Complex and is a:

a) Poxvirus
b) Herpesvirus
c) Calicivirus
d) Influenzavirus

b) Feline viral rhinotracheitis

this disease presents with rhinitis & pharyngitis (8-14wks old); we see sneezing, nasal discharge, and lingual ulcers // may also see dendritic corneal ulcers and chronic sinusitis // conjunctivitis

a) Feline calicivirus
b) Feline viral rhinotracheitis
c) Feline panleukopenia
d) Feline coronavirus

b) Feline viral rhinotracheitis

for this virus, latent or active carriers are common // we see incidence of glucocorticoids inducing shedding, and carrier queens can experience abortions

a) Feline calicivirus
b) Feline viral rhinotracheitis
c) Feline panleukopenia
d) Feline coronavirus

glucocorticoids

latent or active carriers of feline viral rhinotracheitis are common and _______ may induce shedding

a) Chlamydia and mycoplasma

on differentiation of Feline Upper Respiratory Conjunctival Disease Complex (FURCDC) presentation with conjunctivitis only is indicative of:

a) Chlamydia and mycoplasma
b) Herpesvirus
c) Calicivirus

b) Herpesvirus

on differentiation of Feline Upper Respiratory Conjunctival Disease Complex (FURCDC) presentation with oral ulcers, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and pharyngitis is indicative of:

a) Chlamydia and mycoplasma
b) Herpesvirus
c) Calicivirus

c) Calicivirus

on differentiation of Feline Upper Respiratory Conjunctival Disease Complex (FURCDC) presentation with oral ulcers only +/- pneumonia is indicative of:

a) Chlamydia and mycoplasma
b) Herpesvirus
c) Calicivirus

b) the virus is shed intermittently

diagnosis of FVR may be difficult because:

a) there is no PCR available
b) the virus is shed intermittently
c) the virus is only shed for the first 2 weeks post infection

transmission by contact or fomites

how are caliciviruses transmitted?

b) Lymphoreticular type of Calicivirus

clinical summary of Calicivirus Infection in cats:

-affects kittens at 4-10 weeks of age

-causes limping, stiffness, soreness, and fever

-cell tropism: splenic reticuloendothelial tissue & synovial tissue

a) respiratory type of Calicivirus

b) Lymphoreticular type of Calicivirus

c) virulent systemic type of Calicivirus

a) respiratory type of Calicivirus

clinical summary of Calicivirus Infection in cats:

-means of infection: aerosol/oral

-cell tropism: mucosal cells

-cause: dyspnea lasting up to a week

-sites infected: tongue, gingiva, and hard palate ulcers

a) respiratory type of Calicivirus

b) Lymphoreticular type of Calicivirus

c) virulent systemic type of Calicivirus

c) virulent systemic type of Calicivirus

clinical summary of Calicivirus Infection in cats:

-first recognized in CA in 1998

-spreads rapidly by fomites

-respiratory disease progresses to endothelial cells causing vascular injury

-submandibular and limb edema // temp 106°F

-spread to haired skin and footpads causing alopecia and ulcerative dermatitis

-60% of adult cats can die

a) respiratory type of Calicivirus

b) Lymphoreticular type of Calicivirus

c) virulent systemic type of Calicivirus

-history and clinical signs

-fluorescein staining of the cornea to identify ulcerations

-take conjunctival/corneal swabs:

*transfer cells to a microscope slide for special Ag detection

-virus isolation in cell culture

-PCR

how do you diagnose Feline Respiratory-Conjunctival Disease?

b) the rates are similar in ill & clinically normal cats

why is seroprevalence and virus isolation rate not very helpful for the diagnosis of FVR?

a) the tests are expensive
b) the rates are similar in ill & clinically normal cats
c) the tests have a high negative predictive value
d) there aren't commercially available methods

d) modified live & provide reduction in clinical severity if infected

the vaccines for FVR are:

a) inactivated & provide sterilizing immunity
b) modified live & provide sterilizing immunity
c) inactivated & provide reduction in clinical severity if infected
d) modified live & provide reduction in clinical severity if infected

c) Feline Panleukopenia

this virus is related to Canine Parvovirus:

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) FIV
e) Feline Coronavirus

c) Feline Panleukopenia

-rarely seen now due to effective vaccination
-virus leads to lethargy // anorexia
-vomiting of yellow fluid
-apparent thirst with the absence of actually drinking
-severe dehydration develops
-high fever → usually exceeding 104°F
-pregnant cats may abort

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) FIV
e) Feline Coronavirus

false - will not present with UR disease

t/f: uncomplicated Feline Panleukopenia (FPL) will present with upper respiratory disease

c) Feline Panleukopenia

feline ataxia occurs when a relatively avirulent strain of _________ disrupts cerebellar development by targeting and destroying rapidly dividing cells in late gestation into early neonatal life

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) FIV
e) Feline Coronavirus

a) FPL mutated into CPV-2 which could no longer infect cats, then further mutated into CPV-2a and CPV-2b which can infect cats

which of the following is the most accurate natural history of the FPL virus:

a) FPL mutated into CPV-2 which could no longer infect cats, then further mutated into CPV-2a and CPV-2b which can infect cats

b) CPV mutated into FPL-2 which could no longer infect cats, then further mutated into FPL-2a and FPL-2b which can infect cats

c) FPL mutated into CPV-2a & 2b which could no longer infect cats but could infect dogs

d) FPL and CPV share phenology but are not directly related

a) that the virus is highly resistant, and Chlorox is needed to disinfect

as a parvovirus, control efforts for Feline Panleukopenia virus need to consider:

a) that the virus is highly resistant, and Chlorox is needed to disinfect
b) that the virus is susceptible in the environment and basic disinfectants will all be viable
c) culling as the only means of control
d) this virus is non-infectious and only requires individual treatment

d) all of the above

Parvoviruses, like Panleukopenia in cats, are transmitted by:

a) direct contact with an infected animal or feces
b) contact with contaminated fomites
c) by rodents and insects
d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Parvoviruses, like Panleukopenia in cats, are hard to stop because:

a) animals in the incubation period are already contagious prior to clinical signs (shedding starts within 4 days of exposure)
b) animals recovered after a week of illness still are contagious (Shedding continues for 14 days)
c) animals with subclinical infection or transient symptoms can shed virus in the feces
d) all of the above

a) Feline Leukemia Virus
b) Feline Sarcoma Virus
c) Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

what are the important RETROVIRUSES in cats? [select all that apply]

a) Feline Leukemia Virus

b) Feline Sarcoma Virus

c) Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

d) Feline Panleukopenia Virus

e) FVR virus

c) Lentivirus, like Equine Infectious Anemia

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus is in the Genus:

a) Gammaretrovirus, like FeLV and Feline Sarcoma Virus
b) Deltaretrovirus, like Human T Cell Lymphoma
c) Lentivirus, like Equine Infectious Anemia
d) Spumavirus, which is not yet associated with disease

d) 2%; 30%

in the US, prevalence of both FeLV and FIV infections is about ____% in healthy cats and up to ____% in high-risk or sick cats

a) 5%; 25%
b) 2%; 10%
c) 5%; 50%
d) 2%; 30%

c) Retroviruses

a key biological feature of _____________ includes the ability to acquire and alter host-derived genetic sequences, and the ability to integrate into the host-cell genome

a) Herpesviruses
b) Influenzaviruses
c) Retroviruses
d) Caliciviruses

a) Feline Leukemia Virus

what is the most common cause of cancer in cats (Lymphoma)?

a) Feline Leukemia Virus
b) Feline Sarcoma Virus
c) Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
d) Feline Panleukopenia Virus
e) FVR virus

d) Feline Leukemia Virus

-this virus causes various blood disorders
-may lead to a state of immune deficiency that hinders the cat's ability to protect itself against other infections
-cats appear healthy at first & over weeks, months, or even years will deteriorate and have recurrent illness

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) Feline Leukemia Virus
e) Feline coronavirus

d) Feline Leukemia Virus

-loss of appetite
-poor coat condition
-enlarged lymph nodes
-persistent fever // seizures // behavior changes
-pale gums
-inflammation of the gums and mouth
-infections of the skin, urinary bladder, and UR tract
-persistent diarrhea // neurological disorders
-slow but progressive weight loss (followed by severe wasting late in the disease process)

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) Feline Leukemia Virus
e) Feline coronavirus

d) Feline Leukemia Virus

this virus is associated with severe wasting late in the disease process, enlarged lymph nodes, stomatitis, URI, UTI, seizures, and even abortions

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) Feline Leukemia Virus
e) Feline coronavirus

d) Feline Leukemia Virus

transmitted vertically and horizontally. Shed in saliva, nasal secretions, feces, milk, and urine. Targets lymphoid organs and the immune response is unable to clear infections

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) Feline Leukemia Virus
e) Feline coronavirus

antigen

with the SNAP FeLV/FIV test, are we detecting FeLV antigen or antibody?

antibody

with the SNAP FeLV/FIV test, are we detecting FIV antigen or antibody?

progressive infection

months to years after infection, usually after an asymptomatic phase, FeLV can result in 2 outcomes: Progressive Infection or Regressive Infection. which is described by:

-infection not contained

-virus replicates in lymph nodes & bone marrow

-eventually develop FeLV-associated diseases

regressive infection

months to years after infection, usually after an asymptomatic phase, FeLV can result in 2 outcomes: Progressive Infection or Regressive Infection. which is described by:

-remain infected but aviremic

-no antigen or culturable virus in circulation

-FeLV proviral DNA possible detected by PCR

-unlikely to shed virus or develop disease

a) antigen

diagnosis of FeLV infection is by detection of ____________ via SNAP

a) antigen
b) antibody

d) Feline Leukemia Virus

this virus has a strong age-related protection with adults relatively resistant but 70% of 3m old kittens becoming infected. in fact, only 18% of adult cats placed in an endemic household became infected after 7 years

a) Feline Calicivirus
b) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
c) Feline Panleukopenia
d) Feline Leukemia Virus
e) Feline coronavirus

c) identification & segregation

what is the "cornerstone for preventing new infections" with FeLV?

a) vaccination
b) culling
c) identification & segregation
d) timely chemotherapeutic intervention

d) it is recommended for all kittens, outdoor cats, and cats in contact with FeLV positive or status unknown cats

which of the following is TRUE about the FeLV vaccine?

a) it prevents even transient infections
b) it is an AAFP core vaccine for pets
c) it is not indicated in shelters or pet rescue groups
d) it is recommended for all kittens, outdoor cats, and cats in contact with FeLV positive or status unknown cats

true

t/f: FeLV vaccine has been implicated in vaccine-associated sarcoma incidence

sarcoma

_____________ is a term for any cancer of mesenchymal tissues including CT such as skin, muscles, bone, cartilage, pleura, peritoneum, and blood vessels. when occurring post-vaccination, it usually involves fibrous connective tissue

b) their vaccines are nonadjuvanted and thus likely reduce the risk of sarcoma development that Is thought to be tied to adjuvants

what is noteable about PUREVAX vaccines for cats that use canarypox?

a) the name brand is recognized by clients and less likely to be implicated if a sarcoma develops
b) their vaccines are nonadjuvanted and thus likely reduce the risk of sarcoma development that Is thought to be tied to adjuvants
c) their vaccines are the cheapest

adjuvants

___________ are additives that increase the immune response and may present potential risks to feline patients, such as injection site reactions and chronic inflammation

PUREVAX

__________ is the only complete line of non-adjuvanted feline vaccines available

true

t/f: the PUREVAX (Merial Vaccine) is a canarypox vectored vaccine

true

t/f: development and use of canarypox vectored recombinant vaccines eliminates vaccine induced sarcomas and other vaccine pitfalls