Enforcement of International Laws and Violations

This set of flashcards covers key concepts regarding the enforcement of international laws and the various international entities involved in this process.

What are the major sources of enforcement of international law?

International organizations, state actions, and international police organizations like Interpol.

Where is the International Criminal Court (ICC) located?

The Hague, Netherlands.

What is the primary purpose of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

To prosecute individuals for serious international offenses like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

What is the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

It can prosecute crimes committed by member states or those that are referred by the United Nations Security Council.

What is the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?

To settle disputes between states and provide advisory opinions if requested by other UN entities.

What differentiates the ICC from the ICJ?

The ICC focuses on individuals, while the ICJ deals with state disputes.

What does the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) provide?

Services for the resolution of disputes involving states, state entities, intergovernmental organizations, and private parties through arbitration.

What is the purpose of the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC)?

To codify international law and draft treaties.

What is the primary function of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

To settle trade disputes between member states and ensure fair trade practices.

What human rights document does the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) enforce?

The European Convention on Human Rights.

What is the jurisdiction of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (AfCHPR)?

To hear cases against African states that have ratified the protocol establishing the court.

What does the International Labor Organization (ILO) Administrative Tribunal do?

Resolves disputes involving international civil servants.

What role does Interpol play in international law enforcement?

Coordinates international police agencies and combats transnational crime.

What are diplomatic and economic sanctions?

Political and economic decisions employed against states or organizations to protect national security interests or uphold international law.

What is the issue with voluntary compliance of states to international law?

States may only comply as long as it benefits them; once the benefits stop, they may ignore the law.

What are the limitations of sanctions?

The efficacy is mixed, largely depends on universal participation, and may negatively affect common citizens rather than leaders.

What issues can arise with international courts and tribunals?

States must voluntarily comply with rulings, and leaders may ignore warrants from bodies like the ICC.

How does the UN Security Council enforce international law?

It issues binding rulings, authorizes peacekeeping forces, and can refer cases to international tribunals.

What is a major challenge of the UN Security Council?

The veto power of its five permanent members, which can block any resolution.

What is the function of Collective Security Agreements (CSA)?

Groups of states agree to respond collectively to threats, such as NATO's Article V.

What challenges do domestic courts face in enforcing international law?

Variations in interpretation, jurisdictional issues, and political influences can affect the implementation of international law.

What is international arbitration?

A method of dispute resolution where parties submit their disputes to impartial arbitrators for a binding decision.

What are some issues related to arbitration?

Inconsistencies, confidentiality concerns, and the potential for high costs can hinder the arbitration process.

What are treaty monitoring bodies?

IGOs and NGOs that ensure compliance with treaties among parties.

What is an extradition treaty?

An agreement between countries outlining the process for extraditing individuals accused of crimes.