skeleton

Humerus

The main bone of the arm, connecting the shoulder joint to the elbow.

Radius

A bone in the forearm, positioned on the lateral side, crucial for forearm rotation (supination vs. pronation).

Ulna

A bone in the forearm, located on the medial side, known for the elbow bump (olecranon process).

Carpals

A set of 8 bones that form the wrist, including Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate, Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform.

Metacarpals

5 bones forming the intermediate part of the hand, constituting the palm.

Phalanges (Hand)

14 bones per hand; each digit has 3 phalanges except for the thumb (which has 2).

Femur

The longest and strongest bone in the body, found in the thigh, connecting to the hip joint.

Patella

The kneecap, located within the quadriceps femoris muscle, protecting the knee joint.

Tibia

The larger weight-bearing bone located in the lower leg, crucial for support and locomotion.

Fibula

A smaller bone in the lower leg providing lateral support and stability.

Tarsals

7 bones that constitute the ankle, including Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral cuneiform, Medial cuneiform, and Intermediate cuneiform.

Metatarsals

A set of 5 bones found in the foot, connecting to the toes.

Phalanges (Foot)

Total of 14 per foot, structured similarly to those in the hand.

Long Bone

A type of bone characterized by its length, featuring a diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), and metaphysis (growth plate). Example: Femur, Humerus.

Short Bone

A type of bone that is roughly cubic in shape. Example: Carpals.

Flat Bone

A type of bone that is thin and flattened, often providing protection. Example: Scapula.

Irregular Bone

A type of bone with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories. Example: Vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bone

A type of small, round bone that is embedded within a tendon. Example: Patella.

Bone Marrow Location

Found within the medullary cavity of long bones.

Forensic Height Estimation

A method in forensic pathology for inferring height from long bones to assist in victim identification, influenced by sex and race.

Osteoarthritis Causes

Aging, obesity, and previous joint injuries.

Osteoarthritis Symptoms

Joint pain, stiffness, and loss of flexibility.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Causes

Genetic mutation, family history, and deficiency in collagen type. Type II is the most severe and often lethal form.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Symptoms

Fragile bones, frequent fractures, and blue sclera.

Osteosarcoma Causes

Genetic predisposition, previous radiation therapy, and rapid bone growth periods.

Osteosarcoma Symptoms

Persistent pain in bones, swelling, and fractures without trauma.

Osteomyelitis Causes

Bacterial infection, open fractures, and chronic medical conditions. Most common site: long bones.

Osteomyelitis Symptoms

Fever, pain in the affected bone, and swelling/redness.

Paget's Disease Causes

Genetic factors, age-related changes, and hormonal imbalances.

Paget's Disease Symptoms

Bone pain, deformities, and increased fracture risk.

Percent Error Formula

$\frac{(Calculated Height - Measured Height)}{Measured Height} \times 100$