AP World History Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes for AP World History review, covering key terms and concepts from Unit 1 (1200-1450) to Unit 9 (1900-Present).

State

a territory that is politically organized under a single government

Bureaucracy

a government entity arranged in a hierarchical fashion that carries out the will of the emperor

Monotheistic

believed in ONE god

Polytheistic

the act of worshipping more than one god

Confucianism

a philosophy that taught human society is hierarchical, there is a prescribed and proper order to everything

Filial Piety

the confucius idea of honoring your elders, parents, and those superior to you from confucius philosophy

Buddhism

based on the four noble truths

Champa Rice

easily farmable, drought resistant rice that increased food production (from Vietnam)

Dar-al-Islam

translate to “House of Islam”, refers to all the places in the world where Islam was the organizing principle faith of this time

Judaism

Ethnic religion of the Jews, centered on the Torah

Sharia Law

Legal code based on Quran

Sufism

mystical branch of Islam

Bhakti Movement

innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism which emphasized the devotion to just one of the Hindu Gods

Rajput Kingdoms

muslim led kingdoms

Vijayanagara Empire

hindu led empire

Majapahit Kingdom

Buddhist kingdom

Khmer Empire

originally hindu but converted to buddhism empire

Mesoamerica

Aztec administration (decentralized)

Tenochtitlan

elaborate tribute system

Andean Civilizations

Incan administration (highly centralized)

Mit’a System

required all people under their rule to provide labor on state projects such as farms, mining, military service, state construction projects, etc

Mississippian Culture

first large scale civilization based off the Mississippi River

Swahili Civilization

politically independent with common social hierarchy, descended from indigenous African Bantu languages but used Arabic alphabet and script

Great Zimbabwe

powerful African trade who grew from trade, it grew extremely wealthy from trade and shifted to gold exports, never converted to Islam

Byzantine Empire

orthodox

Kievan Rus

orthodox

Western Europe

roman catholic

Feudalism

a system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights

Manorialism

peasants (surfs) were bound to land and worked it in exchange for protection of lords and his military forces

Caravanserai

Inns along the Silk Roads that provided safety, a place to rest, and even change animals for merchants

Money Economies

uses paper money to facilitate exchange, unlike a barter economy which uses goods as currency (first developed in China)

Flying Money System

a merchant would input money and withdraw that money at another location

Credit

a merchant could present a bill of exchange with amount of money and merchants name and be able to receive that amount of money

Astrolabe

Tool for measuring the stars and then comparing them to star charts which helped reckon latitude and longitude

Diasporic Communities

a settlement of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland

Zheng He

sent by the Ming Dynasty to go throughout the Indian Ocean enrolling states in China’s tributary system

Camel Saddle

used for riding camels and helped to transport big loads of cargo across the desert

Land Based Empire

an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings

Sunni Muslims

believed that the rightful successor of Muhammad could be anyone spiritually fit for the office

Shi’a Muslims

believed that only blood relatives of Muhmmad were his legitimate successors

Legitimized

methods a ruler uses to establish their authority

Consolidated

the methods a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from their homes and converted to Islam and turned them into soldiers

Divine Right of Kings

the idea that monarchs were Gods representative on Earth

Zamindar System

elite landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of the imperial government

Tax Farming

the right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder

Simony

people buying their way into positions of power in the church

Sale of Indulgences

people paying money to get their sins forgiven and acquire a spot in heaven

Protestant Reformation

change that happened in Christianity in Europe

Absolutism

all political power under the monarch

Astrolabe

Helped sailors know their latitude

Lateen sail

Enabled them to take wind on both sides

Caravel

small ships made by the Portuguese which allowed for navigation within rivers and smaller coastal areas

Mercantilism

a state-driven economic system that characterized imperial European states during this period

Joint-Stock Company

a limited liability business, often chartered by the state, that was funded by a group of private investors

Prince Henry the Navigator

brought sailors and mapmakers together to find out how to sail down the Atlantic coast of Africa

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Cash Cropping

a method of agriculture that focuses on growing crops, usually a single crop, primarily for export

Maroon Societies

communities of free blacks and runaway slaves

Chattel Slavery

Slavery in which purchaser has total ownership over enslaved person, race-based and hereditary

Indentured Servitude

Laborer would sign contract that bound them to a particular work for a period of time

Encomienda System

Used by the Spanish to divide indigenous Americans among Spanish settlers

Hacienda

Indigenous laborers forced to work fields of large plantations known as “haciendas”, centered on land ownership as the main vehicle for controlling the indigenous population

Nationalism

a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory

Steam Engine

a machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

Meiji Restoration

a period of time where Japan sought to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful

Transnational Corporations

a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries

Enlightenment

an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships

Rationalism

Reason, rather than emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge

Empiricism

The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation

Individualism

Individualism - The most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups

Popular Sovereignty

The power to govern was in the hands of the people

Industrial Revolution

The process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies

Factory

A place where goods for sale were mass-produced by machines

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Free-Market Economics

market driven and better fit for industrialization

Bourgeoisie

owned means of production

Proletariat

exploited by the bourgeoise for their own advantage

Nationalism

describes a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and that is often linked with a desire for self-rule within a territory

Scientific Racism

the idea humans can be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological classes based on race

Diplomacy

the act of making political agreements by means of dialogue and negotiation, not warfare

Settler Colonies

a colony in which an imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own people to set up an outpost of their own society

Manifest Destiny

calling from God to possess all the territory from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans

Export Economies

economies primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets

Commodity

any good that can be bought and sold on the market

Indentured Servitude

describes an arrangement in which a laborer would sign a contract to work for a certain number of years, usually between three and seven, in exchange for free passage to their destination

Ethnic Enclave

a geographic area with a high concentration of people of the same ethnicity and culture within a foreign culture

Nativism

a policy of protecting the interests of native born people over against the interests of immigrants

Total War

a war which requires the mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, in order to fight

Pan-Africanism

aimed for the equality and unity of all black people across the world

Facism

a political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals

Blitzkrieg

shock and awe strategy that aimed to eliminate the enemy with incredible speed

Glasnost

Means “openness” - All the dissent and criticism against the government and its policies that had been brutally silence by previous leaders was now allowed

Perestroika

A restructuring of the economy to address the economic woes by reducing the level of central planning from the government

Subsistence Farming

farmer’s main goal is to grow small-scale crops mainly for their own consumption

Globalization

the phenomenon by which trade and technology have created a politically, economically, and socially interconnected world

Climate Change

the warming of the planet due to the release of greenhouse gasses

Neoliberalism

an economic emphasis on free market policies that include the lowering of trade barriers like tariffs, deregulation of industry, and the transfer of public sector industries to private parties

Multinational Corporation

an entity which is incorporated in one country but manufactures and sells goods in other countries

Consumer Culture

describes a lifestyle devoted to spending money on mass produced material goods