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What was the significance of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
It was the first law limiting immigration based on race/nationality, banning Chinese laborers.
What did the Immigration Act of 1891 create?
The Bureau of Immigration and authorized the deportation of illegal immigrants.
What was the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924?
A law that limited overall immigration to 150,000 people/year and established a quota system favoring North-Western European countries.
How did the definition of Native Americans change after 1871?
They were seen as 'domestic dependent nations' and the federal government stopped making treaties with them.
What was the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887?
It divided land held by Native American nations into individual allotments, decreasing communal land ownership.
What was the goal of mandatory residential schools for indigenous children?
To assimilate them into Euro-American culture by teaching Christian values and suppressing their native heritage.
What was the Society of American Indians?
An organization formed by some who attended residential schools to advocate for full citizenship and cultural preservation.
What were Jim Crow laws?
Laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.
What was lynching and who was predominantly affected by it?
A mob killing without legal trial, primarily affecting African Americans accused of offenses.
What was the KKK, and when was it refounded?
The Ku Klux Klan, a group that promoted white supremacy, was refounded in the early 20th century.
What was the 'Lost Cause' myth?
A retelling of history that portrayed the Confederacy's cause in a positive light.
Who was Ida B. Wells?
An anti-lynching activist and founding member of the NAACP.
What was the focus of Booker T. Washington's activism?
Economic prosperity and education for African Americans.
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?
The first black person to earn a PhD from Harvard and a founding member of the NAACP.
What was the significance of the NAACP when it was founded in 1909?
To fight racism and segregation and guarantee the constitutional rights of African Americans.
What was a major motivating factor for joining the Civil Rights Movement?
Assault and sexual violence against African American women.
What was the Satyagraha?
A non-violent resistance method developed by Mohandas Gandhi.
How did the Cold War impact the Civil Rights Movement?
It highlighted the hypocrisy of the US claiming to be a land of freedom while denying basic rights to many.
What law desegregated the military?
An important decision made during Harry Truman's presidency in 1948.
What was the result of Brown v. Board of Education?
It ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal, making segregation unconstitutional.
What were some key events of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s-1960s?
Montgomery Bus Boycott, Sit Ins, Freedom Rides, Selma Voter Registration Demonstrations.
What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act achieve?
It outlawed discrimination based on race and sex and segregation in public places.
What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act accomplish?
It guaranteed the right to vote and established federal oversight of voter registration.
What did the Black Power movement focus on?
Cultural and political empowerment and the slow pace of change in civil rights.
Who was Malcolm X?
An influential leader who inspired the Black Power Movement.
What was the role of Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta?
They led boycotts as part of the National Farm Workers Association, advocating for Mexican Americans.
What fueled the rise of suburbs post-WWII?
Federal programs, including the G.I. Bill and New Deal agencies.
What is red-lining?
A color-coded system determining high-risk areas for home loans, negatively affecting minorities.
What was Levittown?
The first planned suburb that officially banned minorities.
What effect did suburbanization have on minority groups?
African Americans and minorities were often excluded from federal housing programs and banned from new suburban communities.
What was the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934?
A law that granted autonomy to Native Americans and ended the Dawes Allotment Act.
What were the Termination and Relocation Policies of the 1940s-1950s?
Policies aimed at assimilating Native Americans into urban areas, creating resentment among them.
What was the significance of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965?
It eliminated country-based quotas and created a more diverse immigration system.
What was a major consequence of the Immigration and Nationality Act concerning ethnic makeup?
It changed the ethnic composition of the US, increasing Asian and Latina immigration significantly.
What was the impact of illegal immigration from Mexico post-1965?
Despite legal limits, demand for Mexican workers led to persistent illegal immigration.
What is the significance of the 1968 Fair Housing Act?
It aimed to prevent discriminatory housing practices like red-lining.
How did the Civil Rights Movement influence other movements?
It inspired the Womenâs Rights Movement and activism among Mexican Americans and Native Americans.
What types of issues did urban Native American movements address?
Poverty and police brutality within urban Native communities.
What was the political climate in the US during the Cold War related to civil rights?
The US struggled with its role as a moral leader while denying rights to many of its citizens.
What examples demonstrate Black activism in the early 20th century?
Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching efforts and the founding of the NAACP.
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