Final Exam

Week 11 Lecture

Immigration Phase II: Regulation and Exclusion (1880-1965)

• More regulation on immigrants

• limits on immigration from race/nationality

1. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

• First law limiting immigration

-based on race/nationality

• Banned Chinese laborers

-not merchants, businesspeople, storekeeper, or students

• Quota on Japanese introduced then on Koreans too

1. Immigration Act (1891)

• Created Bureau of Immigration

• Authorized deportation of people in the country illegally

• Dedicated to regulation of immigrants

• Restricting immigration cost more than opening borders

-larger government as a result

1. Johnson-Reed Act (1924)

• Most important law from Immigration Phase II

• Limited overall immigration to 150,000 people/year

-except for people coming from the Americas

• Average of 700,000 per year (1901-1920)

• Established quota system based on nationality

-favored North-Western European countries

Quota system - certain number of people from each country per year

• Benefitted the Mexicans (increase immigration)

-faced discrimination

Native Americans (1860-1930)

• Series of wars fought west of the Mississippi between US and indigenous nations

-Comanche and Lakota

• Many Natives were poor

• Preserved parts from their prior lives

• After wars indigenous communities continued to fight to preserve their cultures and traditions

• Federal government stopped making treaties with Native nations (1871)

-now thought of as “domestic dependent nations”

-legally separate from Americans

The Policy of Forced Assimilation

• More trouble providing for communities

• “Solution” was to turn the natives into Euro-Americans

• Meant to “civilize”

-language, sedentary farming, self-sufficiently, individualistic culture, convert to Christianity

-replace tribal identity and communal culture with individualism

1. Dawes Allotment Act (1887)

• Divided up land held mainly by the Native American nations

-given to individual heads of households (fathers)

• Sold off “extra” tribal land

• Government can tax Native land

• Natives can now sell land without asking tribe

• Decreased land owned by natives

1. Mandatory Residential Schools

• Indigenous children required to leave their homes and go to Euro-American run boarding schools

• Taught Christianity, Western-style, Euro-American way of life, and white Euro-American values to the Native American kids

• Separated indigenous children from their families and communities’ influence

• Punished for speaking native, practicing religion, or doing anything related to their heritage

• Lots of abuse

-many kids died

The Results

• Natives resisted the conversion

• Preserved their cultures

• Some people who went to residential schools formed society of American Indians

Society of American Indians - advocated for full citizenship for indigenous and cultural preservation

-many became famous speakers, writers, and activists

• Dakota Sioux (1876-1938)

-lectured of injustices

-published books about her culture

-wrote music

-worked with women’s rights

Segregation or Jim Crow Laws

• Euro-American planter elite controlled Southern state legislature and became the Souther representatives and senators

• Wrote Souther hierarchy into law

• Went against Civil Rights Act (1866), 14th amendment, Civil Rights Act (1877)

• Police became enforcers of racial inequality

-not just in the South

Lynching

• Many ordinary white people felt obligated to enforce Jim Crow

Lynching - mob killing of someone, mainly by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial

-mainly alleged rapes of white women

• About 500 African Americans were lynched (1880-1960)

• Mississippi and Georgia with the highest number

-over 400 from GA

-over 00 from MS

• Many in North as well

• Not just African Americans but Jewish and Italians

Refounding of the KKK

• Early 20th century Euro-Americans refounded the KKK

KKK- Klu Klux Klan a group who withheld WASP values and threatened, terrorised, and killed many African Americans and their supporters

-refounded in Stone Mountain, GA

• Attacked immigrants, blacks, bootleggers, and adulters

• Had up to 5 million members in 1920

Reinventing History: Development of the “Lost Cause” Myth

• Retold history

• Focused on Civil War and Confederacy

• Confederacy = lost cause

• Memorials, textbooks, and history books now in white men POV

Black Activism and Civil Rights

Leaders

• Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

-anti-lynching activist and journalist

-founding member of NAACP and NACW

• Booker T. Washington (1865-1915)

-focus on economic prosperity and education

-political rights and no discrimination later

-wanted to debunk the idea that white people should always be on top of racial hierarchy

• W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963)

-most famous leader

-first black person with a PhD from Harvard

-worked at Clark University (1867-1914) - (1934-1944)

-founding member of the NAACP

-editor of journal

• Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

-ran UNIA

Organizations

• NAACP (1909)

-meant to fight racism and segregation and guarantee constitutional rights of African Americans

-used federal court to support

-main national Civil RIghts organization in the first half of the 20th century

Week 12 Lecture

Contributing Factors to the Civil Rights Movement

• Led to , motivated, or influenced the Civil Rights movement

• Before or during the movement

1. 1.Assault and Sexual Violence Against African American Women and Lynching

• Main motivating factor for people who joined the Civil Rights Movement

• Reclaim and affirm the human dignity of Black Americans

• Move freely in the world without assault

• Not only about voting or end of segregation

• Ex.

-Isiah Nixon

-Recy Taylor

-Maceo Snipes

-Emmett Till

1. The World-Wide Movement Against White Supremacy

• Anti-colonial Independence Movements

-India

-Ghana

-Nigeria

• Anti-Apartheid

-South America

• Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)

-led India to independence

-created Satyagraha (truth force)

-non-violent protest

• Nelson Mandela

-used Satyagraha

• Martin Luther King Jr.

1. The Cold War and Television

• Cold War

-Soviet vs. USA

-brought out hypocrisy of US

-talked about being the free land but a huge portion of their people didn’t have basic human rights

• TV showed the brutality towards African Americans

-against what they stood for

-embarrassment

Important Decisions

• Decisions made that promoted racial justice and groups (NAACP)

1. Desegregation of Military so African American fought with the Euro-American colleges (1948)

• Happened during Harry Truman’s presidency

1. Brown vs.Board of Education ruled that separate building for education was unequal by Earl Warren

• Meant all segregation was unconstitutional

• Unpopular decision of all time

Civil Rights Movement Phase I: Non-violent Protests (1950s-1960)

• Civil disobedience through Satyagraha

• Key events during

1. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

2. Sit Ins (1960s)

3. Freedom Rides (1961)

4. Selma Voter Registration Demonstrations (1965)

• Legislation that responded to Phase I under Lyndon B. Johnson

1. 1964 Civil Rights Act

• Outlawed discrimination based on race and sex

• Outlawed segregation in many public places

• Gave people ability to sue to make equal opportunity in hiring and promotion in companies

1. 1965 Voting Rights Act

• Response to Selma protestors

• VRA guaranteed the right to vote

• Established federal government having the oversight of voter registration in US

• Federal government monitor polling on election day

• Dramatically increased African American voter participation

• New Black voted Democrat (1960s)

-progressive Democratic Congress

• White opposers became Republicans by the end of 1980s

Civil Rights Movement Phase II: Black Power

Black Power- cultural and political movement (1960s)

• Culturally- celebrating black Culture and heritage

• Politically

1. The slow pace of change

2. The inability to fight back when attacked

-commitment to Satyagraha

-no defending yourself

1. Addressed within Civil Rights Movement

-poverty, access to jobs, police brutality

• Malcom X (1925-1965)

-inspired Black Power Movements

Black Panther Party (1966)- movement who aimed to improve local communities and defend them from police brutality

Movements that Stemmed from Civil Rights

1. The Feminist/Women’s Rights Movement

• Many women here started out in Civil Rights

• Same language and strategies

1. Mexican Americans

• Cesar Chevez and Dolroes Huerta

-part of National Farm Workers Association

-led boycotts (borrowed) of purchasing grapes

1. Native Americans

• Demanded federal government uphold its treaty obligations

• Fish-ins play on sit-ins

• Held occupations

-Alcatraz (1969), BIA, American Indian Movement (like Black Panther Party) (1972)

• Urban movement to address urban Native American issues: poverty and police brutality

Week 13 Lecture

The Rise of the Suburbs

What Made the Rise of the Suburbs Possible and What Effect Did it Have?

• Federal programs fueled the rise of the suburbs and increased post-WWII prosperity

1. G.I. Bill of 1944

2. New Deal agencies (1930s)

-home owners’ Loan Corp (HOLC)

-Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

• Dramatically increase American homeowners

• reduced risk of lending money for banks

-instituded 15 and 30 year mortgages

-before was 5 year mortgages

• Fuels homes and automobile usage

-needed a way to get to work from home

• Home ownership rates went from 44% to 62% (1940-1960)

• Suburbs population basically doubled

-influenced upward mobility of working-class whites

-bigger middle class

What were Some Problems with the Rise of Suburbs

1. Red-Lining

red-lining - color-coded system for determining high risk areas for home loans

• Red-lined had highest credit/loan risk

• High minority population was detrimental to the housing market

• Majority minority more likely to be red-lined

• Harder for minorities to get loans for houses

Fair Housing Act of 1968- act that prevented discriminatory housing practices like red-lining

1. Suburbs Banning African Americans and Other Minorities

• Many banned minorities

• First planned suburb officially banned minorities (Levittown, New York)

1. Desegregation and “White Flight”

• Response to forced desegregation of public schools in the South

Inner city- the idea associated with the minorities, poverty, and crime

• Due to the rich white people moving to the suburbs

Conclusion

• African Americans and minorities did not receive federal housing programs and banned from owning homes in new suburban communities

• Government programs were affirmative action for Euro-Ameircans

Native American Life (1930-1980)

• Government policy that integrate Native Americans into the wider whiter policy

• 2 main developments for Natives

The Indian Reorganization/ IRA (1934)- granted autonomy to Native Americans

• Ended the Dawes Allotment Act

• More self-govern for native nations

• Allowed communal land and gained back some land that had been sold

The Termination and Relocation Policies of the (1940s-1950s)

• Federal government wanted to end treaties to get them to move to urban cities to assimilate

1. Created Resentment among Natives

• didn’t want treaties terminated

• wanted the US to hold up their side of the bargain

1. Relocation brought different Natives together

• Pan-Indian identity

• Unified Natives

• Used in protest movements

-American Indian Movement

-fish-ins

• Small areas with majority indigenous

• East of Mississippi barely 5% consisted of Natives

Contributing Factors to Phase II

1. Refugee Crisis

i.World War II

ii.Expansion of Communism

iii.Decolonization in the 1940s -1960s

-20 million refugees around the world (1940s)

-Congress responded with Displaced Person Act

-mainly until 1980s

1. Cold War

• If the USA was gonna be the moral leader then they should let more people in

1. Booming Economy

• More people less jobs for Americans

1. Progressive Wing of Democratic Party Ran Congress

• Passing of Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting RIghts Act of 1965

The Immigration and NAtionality Act/ INA (1965)- got rid of country-based quotas and limits based on nationality/race from Johnson-Reed Act

• No cap on immigration

• Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania 170,000 per year

• The Americans 120,000

• 7 categories of admittance

-family reunification

• Americans (many) opposed

-due to massive influx of immigrants

-change US

• Advocated assured the law wouldn’t but it did both

• 1 million per year (immigrants)

• INA changed ethnic makeup of country

• Asians and Latinas made up 82% (1980-1990s)

• US and Europeans made up 13% (1980-1990s)

• Euro-Americans made up 83% (1980)

-predicted to be 53% (2050)

• Illegal immigration from Mexico

• INA introduced 1st yearly limits

-120,000 per year

• Demand for Mexican workers continued despite change in law

• Problem with illegal immigrants but still needed workers

-still changed law without thinking of negative reprocussions