Med Exam 2 - Ocular Disorders

blepharitis symptoms

irritation

redness

gritty feelings

blepharitis treatments

tea tree oil

blephex procedure

hypochlorous acid

entropion + causes

inward turning of the eyelid

- involuntary (most common)

- mechanical

- trauma

- congenital

ectropion + causes

lid turns outward

- involuntary (most common)

- mechanical (tumors)

- cicatrices (injury)

- paralytic (7th nerve)

- congenital

hordeolum + treatment

active lesion

new

oral antibiotics

warm compresses

chalazion + treatment

inactive lesion

long standing

warm compresses

IPL

excision

types of cellulitis

preseptal

orbital

preseptal cellulitis + treatment

redness limited to eyelid

oral antibiotic

orbital cellulitis + treatment

- limited ocular motility

- decreased visual acuity

- chemosis

- proptosis (protrusion)

IV antibiotic

dacryoadenitis

inflammation of the lacrimal GLAND

- red, tender, swelling of outer third upper eye lid

causes of dacryoadenitis

inflammatory most common

viral

- mumps

- mono

- influenza

rarely bacterial

dacryoadenitis treatment

based on etiology

- steroids

- cool compress

- antibiotics

dacryocystitis

inflammation of lacrimal SAC

causes of dacryocystitis

bacterial infection

nasolacrimal duct obstruction

tumor

dacryocystitis treatment

antibiotics

warm compresses

pinguecula + cause

yellow/white growth of conjuctiva

- UV exposure

- chronic irritation

pinguecula can lead to

dry eye

pterygium + cause

wing-shaped fold of fibrovasular tissue arising from the conjunctiva and extending on the cornea

- UV exposure

- chronic irritation

pterygium can lead to

dry eye

astigmatism

red eyes

- conjunctivitis

- contact lens induced

- corneal ulcers

- uveitis

- subconjunctival hemorrhage

- herpes zoster

types of conjunctivitis

bacterial

viral

allergic

bacterial conjunctivitis presentation/symptoms

- unilateral or bilateral

- mucopurulent d/c

- eyes "glued shut"

- discomfort

conjunctivitis microbes

staph aureus

staph pneumoniae

haemophilis influenzae

STI's (gonorrhea+chlamydia)

conjunctivitis treatments

topical antibiotic gtts

viral conjunctivitis presentation / signs

starts in one eye, moves to the other

red eye, watery d/c

foreign body sensation

discomfort

viral conjunctivitis microbes

adenovirus

other URI viruses

viral conjunctivitis treatment

- betadine rinse

- preservative free artificial tears/comfort

- steroid eye drops

allergic conjunctivitis

type 1 and type 4 hypersensitivity

allergic conjunctivitis presentation/symptoms

both eyes at same time

itching!!!

discomfort

swelling/puffy eyes

allergic conjunctivitis treatment

anti allergy eyedrops

- pataday

- alaway

- zaditor

- lastacaft

subconjunctival hemorrhage

rupture of conjunctival vessels

subconjunctival hemorrhage cause

trauma

sneezing

coughing

vomiting

strain

subconjunctival hemorrhage treatment

NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory)

anticoagulation meds

check coagulation and hypertension work for recurrent episodes

herpes zoster opthalmicus

dendritic or pseudodendritic lesions on the cornea

herpes zoster opthalmicus diagnositc

on slip lamp examination with NaFL stain and lissimine green or rose bengal stain

herpes zoster opthalmicus treatment

oral antivirals within 72 hours

- acyclovir

- valcyclovir

topical antiviral

- zircon gel

topical antibiotic drops for lesions (to prevent secondary infections)

IV acyclovir for immunocompromised

dry eye disease symptoms

burning

itching

redness

tearing

foreign body sensation

gritty feeling

blurring

uvea conditions

uveitis

glaucoma

cataracts

uveitis/irisitis

inflammation of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

uveitis/irisitis causes

idiopathic

autoimmune/inflammatory diseases

uveitis/irisitis symptoms

unilateral or bilateral

red, painful, light sensitive eye

uveitis/irisitis treatment

topical steroid

cycloplegia for pain (keeps ciliary muscle immobile)

cataracts

clouding of the lens

most common cause of vision loss over 40, principal cause of blindness in the world

cataracts causes

age

UV light

diabetes

smoking

injury

steroids

cataracts symptoms

blurry vision

glare

decrease in color brightness

cataracts treatment

surgical removal

glaucoma

disease of the optic nerve - nerve cell death

primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)

gradual loss of peripheral vision

primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) exam findings

optic cup enlargement

high eye pressure

*both variable

primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) risk factors

age >65

african american

diabetes

myopia

ocular HTN

primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) treatment

drops to lower eye pressure

- beta blockers

- prostaglandins

- carbonic acid

- inhibitors

- alpha antagonists

surgery

primary angle closure glaucoma (AACG)

acute, dramatic increase in IOP

caused by iris blocking exit of aqueous humor from anterior chamber

primary angle closure glaucoma (AACG) symptoms

intense ocular pain

blurry vision

halos around lights

nausea/vomit

primary angle closure glaucoma (AACG) exam findings

diffuse conjonctival injection

fixed, dilated pupil

clouding of cornea

posterior segment conditions

vitreous hemorrhage

diabetic/HTN retinopathy

rental detachment

macular degeneration

vitreous conditions

posterior vitreous detachment

vitreous hemorrhage

posterior vitreous detachment symptoms

floaters and flashes of light

can be asymptomatic

posterior vitreous detachment findings

appearance of discrete translucent circle or broken circle shaped opacity near optic disc

vitreous hemorrhage causes

vitreous detachment

diabetes

retinal break/detachment

sickle cell

retinal vein occlusion

macular degeneration

trauma

tumor

vitreous hemorrhage symptoms

sudden, painless vision loss

vitreous hemorrhage treatment

stop blood thinner

no heavy lifting

potential virectomy

retinal disorders

retinal hole

retinal tear

retinal detachment

complaints of retinal disorders

flashes/floaters

curtain/veil coming over vision

loss of vision

retinal detachment risk factors/causes

high myopia

retinoschisis

neoplasms

vascular disorders

trauma

non-exhaustive list

retinal detachment treatment

surgery

URGENT

what is the leading cause of blindness in our country

diabetic retinopathy

diabetic retinopathy risk factors

high blood sugar

length of time having diabetes

diabetic retinopathy stages

mild, moderate, severe

proliferative vs non proliferative

diabetic retinopathy symptoms

fluctuating vision

floaters/spots in vision

development of shadow in vision

blurry/distorted vision

slow healing ocular wounds

diplopia

hypertensive retinopathy symptoms

usually asymptomatic

potential for decreased vision

hypertensive retinopathy findings

arteriolar narrowing

copper/silver wiring

flame shaped hemorrhages

optic nerve edema

can be more severe w hard exudates

hypertensive retinopathy treatment

controll BP

macular degeneration

retina deteriorates and can not remove waste product

dry (atrophic) macular degeneration

gradual breakdown of cells in macula

drusen

wet (exudative/neovascular) macular degeneration

new abnormal blood vessels grow under central retina

they leak, bleed, and scar

macular degeneration risk factors

age, family history, smoking cigarettes

macular degeneration symptom

blurred/decreased central vision

macular degeneration exam findings

dry = drusen

wet = retinal exudates and neovascularization

macular degeneration treatment

wet = anti-veg injections

service for vision loss

types of refractive errors

myopia

hyperiopa

astigmatism

presbyopia

myopia symptoms

nearsightedness

- clear vision at near, blurry at distance

- squinting

- eye strain

- headaches

risks of progressive myopia

- retinal detachments

- glaucoma

- cataracts

- macular

degeneration

- legal blindness

hyperopia symptoms

farsightedness

- clear vision at distance, blurry near

- headaches

- eye strain

- eye fatigue

hyperopia risk

narrow angle glaucoma

hyperopia treatment

glasses

astigmatism

problem with how eye focuses light

can come from shape of cornea or lens

presbyopia

decrease in ability for lens to accommodate

age related

presbyopia symptoms

farsightedness

- blurry near vision

- headaches

- eye strain

- tired eyes

Amaurosis fugax

a temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes due to a lack of blood flow to the retina

atherosclerotic emboli that leads to retinal artery occlusion, or other conditions, such as inflammation of the associated nerves and arteries.