Evolution Quiz

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43 Terms

1

Evolution

change in a population over time

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2

Darwin’s postulates

environment, competition, variation, and artifical

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3

environment postulate

any modification b/c of environment aspects (food availability/type, climate/weather changes, and natural disasters)

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4

competition postulate

any modification to species b/c of struggle for resources (predation and intraspecic), diseases, and fitness

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5

variation postulate

modifications to species b/c of genetics (inheritable changes b/c of reproductive techniques)

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6

artificial selection

modifications via selective breeding

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7

Genetic variation

what drives differences within population?

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8

macrovariation

changes over long periods of time (ex. reptiles- birds)

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9

microvariation

small changes over fast period (ex. bacteria and finch beaks)

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10

Mutations, sexual reproduction, and gene expression

What are the three reasons for genetic variation

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11

mutations

unpredictable changes, can be detrimental or beneficial, and most common in bacteria/viruses

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12

sexual reproduction

different gamete combinations, crossing over/independent assortment, and low mutation rates b/c of checkpoints, telomeres, and enzymes

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13

genetic duplication

mostly harmful if not occuring in plant, can expand genomes, and can create new species (b/c self-fertilization)

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14

Comparative Anatomy, fossils, biogeography, and molecular comparisons

What is the evidence for evolution?

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15

Homologous structure, analogous structure, and vestigial strucutures

What are the different types of comparative anatomy?

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16

Homologous structure

anatomically similar but different functions + usually b/c of divergent evolution (mammalian forelimbs + arthropod appendages)

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17

divergent evolution

interbreeding species diverged into two or more evolutionary groups (common ancestor)

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18

convergent evolution

species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures (do not share ancestor)

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19

analogus structure

anatomically different but similar function b/c of convergent evolution (shark + dolphin tails, vertebrae vs invertebrate eyes, limb regneration

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20

vestigial structures

had role in ancestor but no longer has use; usually gets smaller b/c cannot remove (whales + boa constrictors having hip bone + appendix, tailbones in apes/humans, and goosebumps)

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21

fossils

direct evidence of change over time, shows intermediates btwn extict and extant or groups, and can show transitions in body forms (ex. aracharoptrxy/birds, tiktaalik/amphibian-reptile, and horses + whales)

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22

Biogeography

past + present distribution of species, island species most closely related to mainland, fossil distribution b/c of tectonic plates, and leads to closely related species on different continents (ex. monkeys in S America, africa, and asia; jaguar + leopard; camels form N America to Africa/Asia + S America

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23

Molecular Comparisons

genetic similarities in DNA/AAs, can be used to create phylogenic trees + infer when spieces diverged, supported + moderized Darwin’s Theory (Ex. humans + chimpanzes diverged 6mya and share 99% of DNA)

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24

biological species concept

populations have members capable of producing viable offspring

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25

phylogenic species concept

species in a single line of decent form + stay that way (doesn’t get supported well)

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26

Anogenic + Cladogenic

What are the two forms of speciation?

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27

Anogenic

gradual change of one species to a new form, # of species doesn’t change

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28

Cladogenic

two or more species share an ancestor; alloptric and sympatric

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29

allopatric

geographic isolation b/c of different pressures and common in islands/land bridges

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30

sympatric

speciation occurs in close proximity, polyploidy in plants (extra genes); (song birds and cichlids w/ various species in lake victoria)

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31

allopatric and sympatric

what are the types of cladogenic?

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32

reproductive isolation

how a species remains pure

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33

prezygotic and postzygotic

2 categories of reproduction isolation

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34

habitat/ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation

what are the types of prezygotic barriers?

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35

hybrid invariability, hybrid breakdown, and hybrid sterility

What are the types of postzygotic barriers?

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36

habitat/egological isolation

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37

temporal isolation

timing of mating (ex. plants fertilizing at different times)

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38

behavioral isolation

different mating rituals (mainly in birds)

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39

mechanical isolation

physically different and won’t work

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40

gametic isolation

mating occurs but eggs and sperm cannot fuse (common in fish)

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41

hybrid invariablity

doesn’t make it past embryonic phase and most common (bulldog and leopard frogs)

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42

hybrid breakdown

hybrid survives but offspring have reproductive issues (sunflowers)

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43

hybrid sterility

hybrid cannot reproduce (mules, zebroids, liger, and tigons)

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