Topographic Anatomy and Osteology of Canine Skeletons

TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

Relative positions of the various parts of the body are accurately determined.

APPLIED ANATOMY

Anatomical facts in relation to surgery, physical diagnosis, and other practical branches.

Morphology

Form and structure of an organism (shape, location, texture).

Greek word anatome

To cut into or to open a particular structure; the art of separating the parts of an organism in order to ascertain their position, relations, structure, and function.

MACROSCOPIC OR GROSS ANATOMY

Study of structure of the body (tissues and organs) with the naked eye.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Study of structure of different animal species; focusing on the distinct anatomical differences and correlations between these differences.

MEDIAN PLANE

An imaginary plane passing through the body craniocaudally, dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

SAGITTAL /PARAMEDIAN PLANE

Any plane parallel to the median plane; the animal can have a lot of paramedian planes.

TRANSVERSE PLANE

Plane at right angles or perpendicular to the median plane, dividing the body into cranial and caudal parts.

DORSAL PLANE

Plane at right angles to both median and transverse plane, dividing the trunk into a dorsal and ventral part.

MEDIAL surface

The inner surface of the limb closer to the median plane.

LATERAL surface

The outer surface of the limb, meaning away from the median plane.

DORSAL

Means toward or beyond the vertebral column or backbone.

VENTRAL

Means away from the vertebral column, towards the mid-abdominal wall.

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Study of cells and structural organization of tissues, organs, and systems with the use of a microscope.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOLOGY

Study of ultrastructural feature of cells (very minute structural details cellular components) with the use of an electron microscope.

PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY

Study of organs functionally deviating from the normal.

EMBRYOLOGY

Study of the developmental anatomy (ontogenesis) from fertilization to birth of the offspring.

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

The body is regarded as consisting of systems of organs which are similar in origin and structure and are associated in the performance of certain functions.

Skin

Dermatology.

Bones

Osteology.

Muscles

Myology.

Visceral

Splanchnology (visceral organs).

Nerves brain

Neurology.

Blood vessels and the heart

Angiology and cardiology.

Sensory organs

Esthesiology (anesthesia).

Ventral surface

Ilalim ng ulo ng aso, sa may chin part.

Palmar

Ventral surface ng fore paw (fore limb).

Plantar

Hind paw (hind limb).

Deep and Internal

Refer to closeness to the center of gravity or center of extremity.

Cranial and Anterior

Mean more towards or relatively closer to the head.

Superficial and External

Refer to proximity to skin or surface of body or surface of an extremity.

Caudal and Posterior

Mean more towards the tail.

Proximal

Means close to a given part usually body, vertebral column or center of gravity.

Rostral

Means toward or close to the nose (used only when referring to structures of the head).

Distal

Used for parts of the limb far from the vertebral column.

Medial

Means toward or close to the median plane.

Abduction

Movement away from the median plane.

Adduction

Movement towards the median plane.

Axial

Situated around, in the direction of, on, or along an axis.

Abaxial

Situated out of or directed away from the axis.

Dorsad

Movement towards the vertebral column.

Ventrad

Movement away from the vertebral column.

Caudad

Movement towards the tail.

Craniad

Movement towards the head.

Palmar/Volar

Flexion or caudal surface of forelimb below the elbow.

Prone/Pronate

Position in which the dorsal aspect or dorsum of body or extremity is uppermost.

Proximity

Malapit; Proximal = malapit sa body.

Distant

Malayo; Distal = malayo sa body.

Middle

Any other structures that are found in the middle of the superficial and deep.

SUPINE

Position in which the ventral aspect or dorsum of body (nakahiga), volar (forelimb) or plantar (hindlimb) part is uppermost.

Supination

Turning toward the supine position.

OSTEOLOGY

Study of bones.

OSTEO

Bones.

Organic component

Carbon atoms.

COLLAGENOUS MATRIX

Organic component of the bones, it is a matrix of tissue composed of collagen; a type of protein.

Inorganic component

No carbon atoms.

HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATES

Inorganic component of the bones.

ZONE 1: Zone of reserved cartilage

This zone is still composed of pure cartilage.

ZONE 2: Zone of cell proliferation

This cartilage will proliferate or multiply greatly.

ZONE 3: Zone of cell hypertrophy

The cells will get bigger; they are still cartilage; they are called CHONDROCYTES.

OSTEOMALACIA

Bone softening; bumababa 'yung inorganic component ng bones.

OSTEOPOROSIS

Bone brittling; bumababa 'yung organic component sa bone.

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONE

1. Supporting and protecting framework of the body. 2. As levers for muscle action, to change position of force and fulcrum. 3. Storehouse for calcium, phosphorous and other elements in small amounts. 4. Blood cell formation.

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

Forms directly from the mesenchyme.

ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION

Forms from cartilage models.

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

This is where the bone grows.

LONG BONES

Termed as 'ossa longga' - long bones.

SHORT BONES

Termed as 'ossa brevis' - compressed rods.

SESAMOID BONES

Termed as 'ossa sesamoida'; found near freely moving joints e.g. in tendons.

Parts of a Long bone

2 epiphyses (proximal and distal) and 1 diaphysis (shaft of the bone).

Tarsal bones

Ankle bones; cuboidal or irregularly compressed rods.

Epiphyses

Have rounded projections because they serve as the contact points of the joint.

Indentations

Produced by blood vessels, nerves, roughened elevations or depression produced by attachment of tendons and ligaments.

Calcium deposition

We will see the calcium deposition in between the epiphysis and the diaphysis known as the epiphyseal plate.

Patella

kneecap in humans

Rounded edges

The edges of the patella that are smooth and curved.

Convex on its dorsal side

The dorsal side of the patella is outwardly curved.

Concave on its ventral side

The ventral side of the patella is inwardly curved.

Rough portions on the bone

These serve as muscle or tendon attachments.

Freely movable joints

Joints that allow for a wide range of motion.

Embedded within the tendons

Sesamoid bones are located within tendons.

Function of sesamoid bones

To relieve the pressure from friction.

Frontal bone

A bone located in the forehead region.

Irregular bones

Bones with many jutting processes, termed 'ossa irregulare'.

Patella's location

The patella resides on the groove of the femur.

Flat bones

Bones that consist of outer and inner tables of compact bone and an intermediate uniting spongy bone, the diploe.

Muscular attachment

Flat bones surround and protect sense organs and brain.

Paranasal sinuses

Formed by growth of bone tables that subsequently invade the diploe.

Pneumatic bones

Bones that contain air cavities.

Ossa plata

Term used for flat bones.

Cortical bone

Compact, hard bone composed of concentric layers of tissue known as lamella/lamellae.

Functional unit of bone

Osteon, composed of concentric layers of lamellae.

Spongy/Trabecular bone

Bone composed of trabecula, which looks like a sponge.

Trabecula

A structural unit of spongy bone that has irregular deposition.

Axial skeleton

Group of bones found in the axis of the dog.

Appendicular skeleton

Bones that make up the limbs of the dog.

Heterotrophic bone

Bone found only in males, called os penis.

Compression strength

The strongest strength of a bone, which is strength against compressive strain.

Tensile strength

Half of compression strength; comparable to tendons and ligaments.