Absolutism & Constitutionalism MEGA SET

What was France like in the 17th Century?

• Henry IV passes the Edict of Nantes which gave Huguenots right to practice their religion in fortified towns

• Louis XIV inherited a agriculturally fertile France that emerged from the 30 Years War to dominate Europe and overseas

• Bourbon (French ruling royal family) longevity provided some stability but government was still divided/feudal

• Famines and peasant poverty prompted Louis XIV to bar discussion on the poor (or inefficient) tax system

• Cardinal Richelieu (advisor to Louis XIV) laid the foundation for French absolutism by crushing nobles and Huguenots (justified attacking Huguenots because of the walls around their towns)

When did Cardinal Mazarin lead and what did he do?

He led during Louis XIV's minority from 1643 to 1661 and continued centralization.

What happened in response to Cardinal Mazarin continuing centralization?

The Parléments (courts) and nobles initiated the Fronde revolt (1648-1653) which failed after a short period of anarchic rule by nobles.

What severely traumatized young Louis XIV during the Fronde?

He was chased out of the Louvre (royal palace in Paris) by nobles.

What was the end result of the Fronde?

France sought security and Louis XIV distrusted feudal nobles.

Did Louis XIV take direct control of France after Mazarin's death in 1661?

Yes, Louis XIV took direct control after Mazarin's death and developed a theatrical and unchecked "Sun King" divine absolutism → used drama to gain power

What was one way Louis XIV's absolute power was demonstrated?

It was demonstrated through his "claiming" of the Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte when he imprisoned all the people involved in building it without trial (architect, gardener) to build him Versailles.

Did the Parléments and Estates General have any say in Louis XIV's decisions?

No, they were ignored as Bishop Bousset's clergy emphasized the Roi Soliel's (Sun King's) near superhuman power.

What did Louis XIV's "personal rule" conceal?

It concealed a centralized network of royal ministers and intendents who coordinated royal policies

How was Louis XIV's administration run?

Through King Councils at the Louvre, Versailles, etc.

How did Louis XIV work to reduce original nobles' power?

He granted new bourgeois officials titles and tax exemptions, replacing many (now excluded) hereditary nobles.

While reducing noble power in many ways, what was one thing Louis XIV did not do?

He did not threaten nobles' local social standing.

What was Versailles?

• seat of government (outside of Paris)
• critics argued it isolated royals (in a city of the rich)
• 10,000 courtiers resided (and watched) here
• Louis XIV's complicated routines (lever, dîner and coucher) here were used to control nobles
• nobles lost fortunes trying to maintain the lifestyle here (new clothes, wigs, shoes, etc.)
• used as a "shop window" by Colbert
• set the standard for royal opulence

How did Louis XIV use marriage and seduction for political gain?

He married into the Spanish infanta in his first marriage until he married his second wife, Madame de Maintenon. Madame de Maintenon was deeply pious and influenced Louis XIV and his royal policies.

By the end of Louis XIV's rule, who did France replace as the continental powerhouse?

Spain

What were some reasons for the decline of Spain?

• internal rebellion (1610 Catalonia and Portugal revolts)

• inflation because of American silver (consequently devaluing the coin)

• wars (against England, France, Dutch) that they could not afford

• refusing to use new agricultural and manufacturing methods because they came from England and Holland

• trade in the colonies declined by 60% because of competition with local industries, English and Dutch traders

• epidemic disease decimated population of slaves working in Spanish American mines and mines were running dry

• 1588: lost an entire fleet of Spanish Armada to English and Protestant Wind

• 1688: Crown reluctantly recognized Portugal's independence

• Peace of Westphalia acknowledging the independence of Netherlands

• military defeats during 30 Years War and 17th century

• 1643: French defeated Spanish Army in Rocoi (now Belgium)

• treaty in 1659 gave France extensive territories

• aristocrats tried to maintain lavish lifestyle → increased rent of estates → high rent and taxes drove peasants away → agricultural productivity declined

• wages and production stopped, inflation forced textile manufacturers out of business by increasing cost of production to point where couldn't compete with colonial and international markets

Most importantly, what did Louis XIV launch?

A dynamic phase of "age of French supremacy"—tying Europe culture, diplomacy and language to France and Versailles.

Louis XIV's intellectual, cultural, and religious policies/programs and their results

• was religiously tolerant, but hated division and insisted on religious unity being essential to royal dignity → repressed Protestants, revoked the Edict of Nantes

• revoked Edict of Nantes → 200,000 Huguenots fled France, many of whom were skilled artisans

• never called the Estates General → nobility and people had no voice

• chose ministers from modest origin → restrict noble power

• Versailles → control and keep an eye on nobles

• royals contributing to art and science → never seen before, challenged the Church

Louis XIV's economic policies/programs and their result

• Commercial Code: support old industries, create new industries, new production regulation, guilds to boost quality, more foreign craftsmen in France → EXPORT MORE
• Five Great Farms: no tariffs on French goods, tariffs on foreign goods → buy FRENCH products, not foreign
• sent 4000 colonists to Quebec → make Canada part of French Empire
• Marquette and Joliet went down the Mississippi River → claimed land on both sides of river for France and renamed it "Louisiana"
• build up navy → establish colonies

Louis XIV's political and military policies/programs

• professional army for France
• created a HUGE (400,000) trained army and navy with ranks and officers
• rational system of training and promotion
• 1660s-70s: got commercial centers in Spanish Netherlands, Flanders, Franche-Comté
• 1681: got Strasbourg
• 1684: got Lorraine
• wars of 1680s and 90s strained resources

French Classicism

• artistic movement emphasizing order, reason, and clarity, influenced by ancient Greek and Roman art, evident in literature, architecture, and painting
• key painter: Nicholas Poussain
• very monarch centered

The War of Devolution

• First Dutch War, 1667-1668
• France VS. Triple Alliance
• Cause: Louis XIV used his wife to make a claim to Belgium. Laws of Devolution granted heirs of a 1st marriage to inherit property over children of a 2nd marriage
• Outcome: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), France gained 12 towns in Spanish Netherlands but gave up Burgundy

Invasion of the Dutch Rhineland

• Second Dutch War, 1672-1678
• France VS. Triple Alliance
• Cause: Revenge, Louis XIV wanted to annex more northern land (and oppose the Dutch)
• Outcome: Treaty of Nijmwegen (1678-79), Spain and France exchanged land, but Dutch Republic held tight and kept it all

➀ Invasion of Luxembourg, Alsace-Lorraine and the Spanish Netherlands (1681-1697) and the ➁ War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)

• ➀ France VS. England (until 1688) then ➁ England, Dutch Republic, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, and Palitinate
• Cause ➀: France occupied Luxembourg and other lands as they signed a truce with the Holy Roman Empire
• Cause ➁: William formed a League to restore the Balance of Power
• Outcome: Treaty of Ryswick (1697), French control over Alsace and Strasbourg was acknowledged as permanent, Dutch created a buffer zone but other sides only restored their captured territories

The War of Spanish Succession

• in North America, known as Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)
• France and Spain VS. Grand Alliance (Holy Roman Empire, England, Stad Holder of Netherlands, Prussia)
• Cause: Louis XIV violated a previous agreement with the Holy Roman Empire to split Spain when childless Charles II died by placing his grandson, Philip, on Spanish throne (had a legitimate claim to throne because 1st wife, Philip's grandmother, was Spanish)
• Outcome: Treaty of Utrecht (1713), ended war, grandson Philip got to keep throne BUT France and Spain could never unite, France surrendered Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay to England; ended Louis XIV's grab and split of Spain maneuver, Spain rule by Bourbon but had no claim to French throne, Habsburgs got Spanish Netherlands and land in Germany, Great Britain was strong power, gained land, and ASIENTO (slave trade in Americas)

Features of Absolutism in Prussia

• very militaristic
• crushed political opposition
• forced conscription
• efficient bureaucracy: "Kabinet" where the King still had final say over all the hardworking Junkers
• nobles content with serfs so they didn't revolt

Setbacks to Absolutism in Prussia

• serfdom
• no colonies
• forced conscription made people flee or injure themselves to avoid it
• land was tiny and very scattered because of 30 Years' War

Political and Military Notes on Prussia

• Junkers: Brandenburg and Prussian nobles who were reluctant allies of Frederick William in the consolidation of Prussian states

• 12th in population but had 4th largest (and the best) army in Europe by 1740

• 1688: population of 1 million but an army of 30,000

• 1733: all Prussian men had to undergo training for military and serve as reservists

• eradicated parliamentary states

• got Brandenburg, Prussia, and parts of Rhine

• learned the lesson after 30 Years' War: build up military!

Economic Notes on Prussia

• tripled revenue
• taxed without consent
• entrenched, oppressive, and backwards serfdom

Cultural, Intellectual, and Religious Notes on Prussia

• highly militaristic society
• allowed settlement of Protestant refugees → religiously tolerant
• central language

Notable Rulers/Events in Prussia

• Frederick William I (the Great Elector): unified 3 provinces (Brandenburg, Prussia, and territories on the Rhine), comes after 30 Years' War with 1/3 country dead and unable to develop economy, knows religious intolerance is not good, welcomes Protestants fleeing France, builds up military, created a Prussian nation-state which was religiously tolerant
• Frederick the Great (II): built Sans Souci Palace in Potsdam (outside Berlin where 20,000/100,000 people were soldiers), gained reputation as "Enlightened despot" for desiring to be the "first servant of the state," insisted on planting potatoes and turnips because they grow underground (could withstand trampling), implemented standard law codes, sought to expand farmland, invites Voltaire to palace and was celebrated for his policies of religious tolerance, defied the Pragmatic Sanction and unleashed Prussia's forces on Austria → gaining iron, coal, and population rich Silesia via War of Austria Succession, used war as a policy for 25 years, Austria tried to take back Silesia but he defended it in the Seven Years War (French-Indian War), turned to diplomacy in case of Partition of Poland, war was costly and left Prussia almost ruined

Features of Absolutism in Austria

• built state power
• centralized government (Pragmatic Sanction, 1713: Maria Theresa's father made other country's rulers sign this to not invade Austria and recognize Maria Theresa's claim to the throne → Frederick the Great worked around this and invaded because he stated that he didn't sign this, his father had)

Setbacks to Absolutism in Austria

• serfdom
• no colonies
• no national army
• impact of the 30 Years' War → low nationalism

Political and Military Notes on Austria

• reduced power of Bohemian Estates (Protestant Assembly)
• after 1650: the new Bohemian nobility owed their success to the Habsburgs → Habsburgs got direct rule over Bohemia
• permanent standing army to put down internal revolts
• united German-speaking provinces
• 1683-1699: pushed Ottomans out of most of Hungary and Transylvania, recovered all of Hungary in 1718
• Hungarian nobles thwarted full Habsburgs absolutism through revolting → final revolt in 1703 because Habsburgs distracted by War of Spanish Succession, was eventually defeated, but secured the aristocracy their privileges for accepting Habsburg rule
• Hungarian pledge to Maria Theresa for 100,000 troops (1741) → Maria Theresa held up her son, Joseph (one of 14 kids), and said fight for him, the future, because Prussia had invaded

Economic Notes on Austria

• took Protestant nobles land and gave it to Catholic nobles
• serfdom was worse: 3 days per week of unpaid labor
• entrenched, oppressive, and backwards serfdom
• had "cameralism," a very early mercantilism

Cultural, Intellectual, and Religious Notes on Austria

• Austria and Germany both centers for Baroque and classical music
• Bach and Beethoven both from Germany, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born in Salzburg, Austria
• Vienna in the 18th century was known as the "classical musical capital" (Austrians prided themselves upon these achievements)
• centralized language: German
• Catholicism united it as well

Notable Rulers/Events in Austria

• Ferdinand II: reduced power of Bohemian Estates (Protestant Assembly), confiscated Protestant noble land and gave it to Catholic nobles and foreign mercenaries who led armies
• Ferdinand III: continued to build state power, centralized government in German-speaking parts
• 1683-1699: pushed Ottomans out of most of Hungary and Transylvania, recovered all of Hungary in 1718
• Hungarian nobles thwarted full Habsburgs absolutism through revolting → final revolt in 1703 because Habsburgs distracted by War of Spanish Succession, was eventually defeated, but secured the aristocracy their privileges for accepting Habsburg rule
• failure in the 30 Years' War with treaties of Münster and Westphalia seen as setbacks for German national movement
• Austria tried to secure the throne for Maria Theresa with the Pragmatic Sanction (1713) and Hungarian Pledge

Features of Absolutism in Poland (kinda..)

• Sejm (diet) could be "exploded" with the Liberum Veto (shouting it would dissolve the legislative body of Sejm) → Nothing was accomplished! And the Monarchy was powerless

Setbacks to Absolutism in Poland

• marshy land with no natural boundaries
• large (yet poor) aristocracy
• foreign interference

Political and Military Notes on Poland

• rescued Habsburg Vienna by breaking Ottoman siege (1683)
• Failed to remain a competitive power
• Sejm (diet) could be "exploded" with the Liberum Veto

Economic Notes on Poland

• commercial agriculture (by lords) and serf based agriculture
• Szlachta nobles were tax exempt

Notable Rulers/Events in Poland

• King John III Sobieski (r. 1674-1696) led a Polish army to rescue Vienna from the Turks

Features of Absolutism in the Ottoman Empire

• millet system: divided into religious communities with self government under their religious leader (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims); created a strong bond between the ruling class and religious leaders (supported the sultan for authority over the community); millet collected taxes, regulated collective behavior, maintain courts, schools, houses of worship, and hospitals

• "tax" on 1,000 to 3,000 male Christian kids in conquered populations in the Balkans → taken as slaves to be raised in Turkey as Muslims and trained as soldiers and government administrators

• most talented slaves rose to the top of the bureaucracy, could get wealth and power there; less fortunate sent to the army

• Sultan married high ranking women but did not have children with her, instead he took on many concubines who he had children with (stopped having children with each after a son) → prevent wife's elite family's influence over the government

• at a young age, each son of sultan and their mother (a concubine) were sent to govern a province → stabilize power and prevent civil war

Setbacks to Absolutism in the Ottoman Empire

• failed to modernize and compete with Western Europe and trading rivals → lost land
• major land loss with the Treaty of Karlowitz (Karlowitz, 1699), losing Hungary, Transylvania and more
• it was intercontinental

Political and Military Notes on the Ottoman Empire

• Sultan originally selected top ranks from his slave corps
• Various "states" (or millets) made up the empire
• Janissary military corps: core of the Sultan's army, made of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of empire (Muslim law forbade enslaving other Muslims), after 1683 it became voluntary, open to Christians and Muslims
• Sultan reshaped the role of marriage and family, power structure shifted to admin and military bureaucracies with the Grand Vizier increasing in power → Suleiman changed this
• After losses to the Habsburgs, was weakened and had to fight against the Russians for the Black Sea

Economic Notes on the Ottoman Empire

• Sultan technically held all agricultural land → peasants had to pay taxes to use the land → no private property or nobles
• Failed to compete with the Dutch and Spanish trade

Cultural, Intellectual, and Religious Notes on the Ottoman Empire

• religious scholars, who were part of the "Circle of Equity" (council), emphasized that the Ottomans should conform to traditional life/values
• Sharia Law enforced
• religiously tolerant

Notable Rulers/Events in the Ottoman Empire

• Conquered Constantinople (1453), making it its capital (Istanbul)
• defeated by Philip II of Spain at the battle of Lepanto (1571)
• besieged (but lost) Vienna to a Christian coalition (1683)
• Sultan Suleiman (r. 1494-1566) broke tradition and married his concubine Hurrem in 1534
• 1529: tried to lay siege to Vienna; but pretzel vendors, who woke up early to make pretzels, saw the gates of the city were open and woke others up to shut it → Vienna was saved

The Dutch Republic's Contributing Factors to Unity, Stability and Prosperity

• defied trend of centralized absolutism in Europe by creating a province-driven republic with an elected representative body from the merchant-burgher class (States-General)

• not overthrown by obsessive Philip II of Spain with help of England

• 10,000 ships! Dutch East India Company (VOC) = monopoly

• best maritime economy and controlled half of world's shippings during 17 century

• bank and currency backed by GOVERNMENT

• created internationally renowned Bank of Amsterdam (opened in the old town hall, 1609)

• Tulip Price Index: 1636-1637, price goes up really fast then plummets, capitalism

• representative government (kinda!), commoners in art, RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT nationalist republic

• got coffee and silk from Arabia

• got cloth, yarn, silk, indigo, and pepper from India

• got porcelain, tea, sugar, silk, and precious metals from China

• got precious metals and laquer from Japan

• got cinnamon, pepper, cardamon, ivory, arecanuts, sappanwood, and gems from Ceylon

• got pepper, nutmeg, mace, and cloves from Dutch East Indies

• Dominant force in worldwide trade (controlled 50% of shipping)

• Religious tolerance led to the immigration of many skilled groups (Jews, Huguenots)

• After Louis revoked Edict of Nantes, Huguenots went to Dutch Republic - brought artisan skill and business experience

• Highest standard of living, all classes ate well, no food riots that occurred elsewhere in Europe

• Estate system led to semi-democracy, each Estate could veto decisions

• Middle class had huge amounts of power and influence

Key Features of the Dutch Republic

• province-driven republic

• emphasized concepts of community: art showcased the community, not just royals (Calvinist idea)

• stadholder: "State Holder," typically from House of Orange

• UPN representatives: an oligarchy of urban gentry, large landholders, rich businessmen

• Prince commanded all of the military, power of pardoning crimes, choosing magistrates

• States-General could make peace/war, deal with foreign alliances, and control taxes

• society based around middle class merchants (burghers)

• RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT

The Dutch Republic's Obstacles to Unity, Stability and Prosperity

• Prince held the greatest influence and the States could not resolve any matter without his approval

• increased competition with other nations, especially Britain, led to decline in dominance

• Anglo-Dutch Wars: navigation wars for control of seas and trade routes, many spanning from 1652 to 1784, long break between the 3rd and 4th wars because of the Glorious Revolution (William is Dutch)

• Holland felt the financial burdens of war more than other provinces, as they were the richest province by far

• There were anti-semetic resentments in some places along with other religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics

• Tension between supporters of the House of Orange, whose members held the positions of stadholder in several provinces, and their opponents, republican states who fear the House of Orange had monarchical ambitions

• Lost power East Indies and shipping on the whole due to war fought with English and French

• Navigation act takes away Dutch profit from shipping English goods

• No powerful central government; Each state pretty much rules itself

• Fears of invasions by foreign powers were widespread

• Other nations jealous of Dutch shipping monopoly and wealth; want to invade

• “Everyone wants to take down the top dog and the Dutch are the top dog”

Both the Dutch and the British found their way to a constitutional government. In what ways were their paths similar and in what ways were their paths to constitutional government different?

• The British kept a monarchy but power was limited by Parliament.
• The Dutch rejected a monarchy and power was held by 7 Estates.
• Both were religiously tolerant to protestants, constitutional states, and their representative bodies were full of rich people.

Now compare these constitutional governments with the absolutist governments from continental Europe. Beyond the style of government, what separates them? What makes them similar?

• Different: how people under them were treated, wealth and prosperity, less focus on military but still some, religiously tolerant to an extent
• Similar: upper class still had more power than the lower classes

Dutch Concept: Bank of Amsterdam (1609)

• government intervened in the economy occasionally to help out (state-backed monopolies established)
• this created a stable currency and provided credit, becoming a central pillar of European finance
• showed the Dutch focus on money, wealth, and economy + that they were successful

Dutch Concept: Community in Art

• showed commoners in art, not just royals

• a Calvinist idea

• family life displayed

• religious tolerance

Dutch Concept: Tulip Mania

• in the 16th century, tulips imported were imported into the Netherlands from Turkey, then a Dutch botanist discovered how to grow varied color of tulips. By 1634, buyers from all over Europe wanted the rare colorful tulips, but 3 years later the increased supply drove the price down
• an example of the capitalistic fluctuation in demand of goods
• capitalism free market example
• wealth

Dutch Concept: Ships

• had lots of ships → for trading
• useful in the Anglo-Dutch wars

Dutch Concepts: Young Woman with a Water Pitcher

• embodies artist's interest in domestic themes → Dutch's too
• view into private life of woman before she presents her public face
  lots of expensive objects surround her (oriental rugs, world map, silver pitcher, glass windows) = prosperity of people

What kingdoms entailed the land known as Great Britain?

• Ireland
• Scotland
• Wales
• England

When did the British Civil Wars occur?

After Queen Elizabeth I, on the cusp of the Early Enlightenment when the House of Commons claimed the "voice of the people = the voice of God."

What were the British Civil Wars?

A complex conflict involving multiple kingdoms (Ireland, Scotland, Wales, England) over religious and constitutional issues (like Holy Roman Empire in the 30 Yrs War).

What were the causes of the British Civil Wars?

• Gun Powder Plot: a plot against James I to blow up Parliament because they didn't trust what was going to happen to the monarchy, revealed it was done by Catholics vs a Protestant King
• who had the power: Parliament or the King
• who could tax: Parliament or the King
• English governors and landlords exploited Irish
• fear of a Catholic King because Catholic Spain had tried to get rid of Elizabeth and he would not be Protestant
• Puritan and Scots dissatisfied with the Anglican Church
• Scots were Presbyterian
• debate over divine right, King's right to tax, dissolving Parliament, etc.
• Magna Carta (1215): stated Parliament had the right to tax
• True Law of the Free Monarchy: no limits on the King's power!

What were some actions taken by James I (a Stuart King)?

• lectured Parliament on divine right
• took property without due process of the law
• refused to stop appointing bishops: "no bishop, no King"

What were some actions taken by Charles I (a Stuart King)?

• didn't call Parliament between 1629 and 1640
• supported Laud's policies: trying to force Angelican prayer book and bishoprics on Scotland
• married a French Catholic princess
• financed the government through stop gap levies (seen as illegal)
• illegally expanded ship money tax (taxes were only for coastal towns, this man made it so inland towns also had to pay them)
• dismissed Parliament despite acknowledging Parliament's power by signing the Petition of Right in 1628: affirms Parliament does the taxing
• Scottish rebellion (versus England and Laud's religious policies) led him to raise an army and required him to call Parliament again for funds

What were Short and Long (pre Rump) Parliament in the context of Charles I?

• Short Parliament: when Charles I called + asked for money, they said no and gave him a list of things they wanted him to do and he dissolved them
• Long Parliament: Civil War Parliament, between 1640 and 1653, was radical, refused to be dissolved, issued a list of complaints/demands, attempted to arrest leaders who escaped, colonial pride purged presbyteries from this Parliament creating "Rump" Parliament which put Charles I on trial for treason

What was the Rump Parliament?

What remained of the Long Parliament after Cromwell and colonial pride which purged presbyteries. All Puritan.

Who were the two sides in the Civil Wars?

• Cavaliers (royalists)
• Roundheads (Parliament and towns)

How did the Civil Wars end?

Victory for Parliament's New Model Army under General Oliver Cromwell, a military genius.

What effect did the Civil Wars have on Scotland and Ireland?

It allowed England to increase control over Scotland and Ireland (Catholic) at the great expense of the locals (loss of freedom, massacre of Drogheda).

Key factors in the New Model Army's victory over the forces of the Crown?

• had the militia of London (experience)

• had country squires with business connections support (money)

• had more people and motivation

• Cromwell was a military genius

• middle class joined with Par = educated and industrialized

How did the trial of Charles I represent a remarkable shift?

It was the FIRST time a monarch was executed!

In what ways did Cromwell change England, its government, social structure, and its holdings during his era of the "Rule of Saints?"

• no monarchy, no House of Lords, and no Church of England = Rump Par was now the "supreme authority" of the commonwealth
• no sports, no theater, no music, no dancing, no pubs and taverns, did not CELEBRATE Christmas (instead went to church, people were unhappy), no cards
• censored the press
• army controlled the state and Cromwell controlled the army
• continued the standing army during peacetime and claimed quasi-martial rule
• religiously tolerant of other Protestants, NOT Catholics
• Cromwell led army into Ireland and massacred a garrison, after he left, English banned Catholicism, executed priests, and confiscated land
• Navigation Act: English goods on English ships
• April 1653: Cromwell took on the title of Lord Protector under England's 1st Constitution

Major developments in Restoration England under the rule of Charles II (Merry Monarch) and James II

• monarchy back!
• House of Lords back!
• Anglican Church back!
• tradition returns!

Causes of the Glorious Revolution

• Charles II entered the Treaty of Dover (1670, a secret agreement but elites knew) with Louis XIV: got 200,000 euros per year to slowly turn England Catholic
• Charles II 1st Declaration of Indulgence (1672) passed: suspending laws targeting RCC, closer to religious toleration of Catholics
• James II was openly Catholic (NO Catholic King!!)
• James II appointed Catholics to positions in government and army
• James II supported Catholic schools and churches
• Test Act: had to prove you're Anglican; secured the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters of right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office teach/attend university
• James II passed 2nd Declaration of Indulgence (1687): suspending religious tests, overturning Test Act
• FINAL STRAW: James II baptizes his son in RCC, securing the continuation of Catholic Kings (a big no no for Par!!)

Effects of the Glorious Revolution

• firmly cemented a constitutional monarchy in Britain
• Par power was secured: monarchy could not rule without its consent
• William of Orange (Dutch Stadholder) and Mary (Protestant daughter of James II) were King and Queen of England, signing the English Bill of Rights

Relevant Historical Background Regarding Russia

• Mongols (a group of nomadic tribes from Mongolia) established an empire, uniting most of Asia
• Grand Duchy of Moscow was good at serving the Mongols, but got stronger over time, especially under Ivan III (the Great)
• after the Fall of Constantinople, Moscow princes saw themselves as the next Byzantine Emperor → Ivan III married daughter of last Byzantine Emperor
• Eventually, Mongols vs Muscovites happened and the Mongols backed away
• Ivan IV (the Terrible): took crown as Tsar for himself, after his wife died he persecuted anyone who opposed him (leading boyars, friends, families, servants) BUT created a service nobility (loyalty guaranteed by dependence on state for land and titles) to replace the persecuted, strictly tied peasants to land, taxed peasants more heavily, urban dwellers bound to towns and land, defeated the remnants of Mongol power, allied with Cossacks (free groups and warrior bands) to conquer more land
• "Time of Troubles" (1598-1613): when Ivan IV's relatives struggled for power, Cossacks and peasants rebelled against nobles and officials → nobles worked together to defeat them, ended when Micheal Romanov (Ivan's 16 yr old grandnephew) took throne
• 1667: got Ukraine, Siberia, and made its way to Sea of Okhotsk in Pacific → only checked by Qing Dynasty in China
• experienced no Renaissance, no Enlightenment, and remained very tied to the Orthodox Church

Cultural Traits that made up Russia at the time of Peter the Great (and the ones he kept)

• serfdom
• long beards
• robes, dressed for cold weather
• women and men had separate spheres
• Russian Orthodox Church
• trade in fur, specifically Siberian
• streltsi: Russia's old and first standing army, like conservative musketeers

Key Challenges Peter the Great had to overcome as he ascended the throne and consolidated his power

• disputed succession (with streltsi violence) led to Peter being controlled as child-regent with his half-brother Ivan V by sister, Sophia
• Peter detested "Old Russia," turning attention to "playing war" with his friends in a "play army" → over time the "play army" became serious and started having advisors
• 1689: takes full power (with the help of his "play army"), cloistering (making a nun) Sophia and crushing streltsi (after a 1698 rebellion, rumored Peter himself killed 1000)
• after his very traditional mother died, Peter abolished all Muscovite court rituals
• Russia was underdeveloped and not modernized (had to catch up to the West) → intended to expand and increase Russia international standing
• in need of a warm water port (does not freeze over) for trade, other than Archangel

Ways Peter the Great established a dramatic precedent for Russian expansionism

• rapid expansion
• rapid militarism
• rapid westernization

- used war to expand

Peter the Great transformed Russia's Economics/Trade by…

• collecting Siberian fur to trade → money to fund army and bureacracy
• devoting 80-85% of all revenue to war → militarization
• restrictions on serfs increased, had to work in factories or mines → growing gap between serfs and nobility, factories and mines supplied military
• conquered a warm water port from Ottoman Empire (fort of Azov, though lost it soon) → trade all year round because the water wouldn't freeze over
• taxed peasants 3 times more than usual → to fund army
• increased serf labor → increased production
• placed a big tax on the wealthy + sent 25,000-40,000 peasants to work without pay each summer → construction of St. Petersburg, new capital city, the window to the West
• forced nobles to build palaces in St. Petersburg + live there most of the year → populated new capital, emptied nobles pockets
• required merchants to settle and build in St. Petersburg → populated new capital
• enforced a soul tax (tax based on soul) → could tax the nobility

Peter the Great transformed Russia's Social/Intellectual/Culture by…

• boyars had to shave their beards (or paid a tax) → shocked traditional Orthodox notion of masculinity
• boyars had to wear western style (germanic style) clothes → not suitable for cold and harsh Russian climate
• young men and women forced to go to parties and converse with each other → women despised not getting to wear gloves
• created schools of navigation, math, medicine, engineering, and finance → educated!
• created a new Russian alphabet (more simple) and Russia's first newspaper → westernization, literacy goes up
• brought foreign experts in military, administration, shipbuilding → improve army, navy, and infrastructure
• created a new capital in St. Petersburg, his window to the West
• Table of Rank/State Service: 14 rank beauracracy based on merit and not wealth → anyone regardless of birth could gain status through service

Peter the Great transformed Russia's Religion by…

• getting rid of the patriarch → Russian Orthodox Church became a government office (the Holy Synod), but Peter was not exactly the head

Peter the Great transformed Russia's Government and Military by…

• crushed streltsi revolt early on in reign
• established a new capital in St. Petersburg (Peterhof here, heavily inspired by Versailles) → serfs, soldiers, peasants, Swedish prisoners all had to build it (thousands died), nobles had to build expensive palaces here and live here most of the year
• indeniture: only 1 son inherited land, cut out daughters and other sons → nobles unhappy
• 1696: Conquered Ottoman fort Azov near the Black Sea → Russia's 1st naval base, but lost it later to the Ottomans
• 14 rank bureaucracy (Table of Rank) → efficient army and government
• Ukase: "royal decree," ruling by own law
• standing army of 200,000 men, more than 100,000 in special regiment Cossacks + mercenaries
• peasant-soldiers were drafted and commanded by nobles for life
• 8,000 men in Swedish army beat Russia's ~40k army at Narva → Peter militarized a lot
• Great Northern War (1700-1721): Narva's loss made Peter focus on making his military more western; Battle of Poltova (1709) → Treaty of Nystad (1721): Russia got the Baltic (including land like Estonia, Livonia (Latvia), AND where St. Petersburg was)
• benefitted from the Partition of Poland
• Peter did not name his son, Alexei, as his heir because he said he would undo all westernization, Alexei was arrested for treason but while awaiting his death sentence he died in prison of torture during interrogation

The Great Northern War (1700-1721)

• Peter allied with Denmark + Poland to attack Sweden for access to the Baltic BUT Charles XII of Sweden quickly defeated Denmark in 1700, then his well-trained army defeated the unsuspecting Russians at the Battle of Narva (8k Sweden vs 40k Russia)
• Effect of Battle of Narva: started the Great Northern War, Peter increased state power and strengthened military to gain victory, required nobles to serve in army/civil administration for life
• Battle of Poltova (1709): Peter's new modernized army crushed Charles XII's small weak one in Ukraine at Poltova
• Treaty of Nystad (1721): officially ended the Great Northern War, Russia got the Swedish parts of the Baltic (where St. Petersburg already was)

Sweden's King who fought Peter in the Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Charles XII

Peter's Baroque summer palace

Peterhof in St. Petersburg

The head of the Russian Orthodox Church, until Peter

Patriarch

A term for transforming society and technology to mimic that of Western Europe

Westernize

Russian nobles called

Boyars

Peter wanted to learn the most about western

Technology

Ivan IV's nickname, probably for going crazy and hunting boyars

"the Terrible"

Simplified during Peter's reign

Russian alphabet

Dynasty that began with Micheal's election (1613)

Romanov

Women no longer wore these in Peter's Russia

Gloves

Executed, rather tortured to death, for promising to go back to "the old ways"

Alexei, Peter the Great's son

Peter forced men and women to do this!

Dance

Russian robes were tossed aside for clothes

Western (Germanic style)

Where Russia's 40K lost to Sweden's 8K in 1700

Battle of Narva

Brought much of Russia (and Asia) together under their yoke

Mongols

Peter won access to this sea through the Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Baltic Sea