exam 2 review

Lexington and Concord

1775 - Battles that started the American Revolution

General Thomas Gage

British — Military general of Massachusetts, sent troops out of Boston sparking battle of Lexington and Concord

Ethan Allen

Led an attack on Fort Ticonderoga

Benedict Arnold

Tagged along with Ethan Allen

Fort Ticonderoga

Fort built by the French

John Dickinson

Member of congress who helped draft the Olive Branch Petition and Declaration of the Causes

Olive Branch Petition

Addressed to King George III asking him to stop fighting

Declaration of the Causes

Addressed to King George III blaming him for starting the fighting

King George III

King of England

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, encouraged Americans to declare independence

Thomas Jefferson

Lead author of the Declaration of Independence, secretary of state, leader of the (spoilers) republican party

Loyalists

Swore loyalty to Britain and the King

Patriots

Supported war & independence

General William Howe

Counted on by Burgoyne but didn’t show up, instead goes South and takes Philadelphia

General John Burgoyne

General who sided with Britain planning to cut of New England colonies, sparked battle of Saratoga and eventually surrendered Yorktown

Saratoga

Turning point — French join the war on America’s side after some convincing

Louis XVI

King of France, makes allyship with America

Lord Charles Cornwallis

British, surrenders at Yorktown

Yorktown

Town surrendered by British, no longer worth it

Treaty of Paris

1783, Ends the war, British recognize American independence

Republicanism

Power resides within the people — opposite of monarchy

Republican motherhood

Recognition that women needed a certain level of education and literacy in order to teach republicanism to their children

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution, created intentionally weak national government

Shay’s Rebellion

Occurred in Massachussets as a result of bad economy (taxes, land issues), national government couldn’t help

Annapolis Convention

Failure, almost no one went — focused on trade (Convention)

Alexander Hamilton

Used failure of Annapolis convention to propose Constitutional Convention, Secretary of Treasury, leader of the Federalist party, favored idea of National Bank

Constitutional Convention

Philadelphia, went to revised articles but ended up replacing all articles and creating modern Constitution

James Madison

Person who proposed replacing articles of confederation

Constitution

Created at constitutional convention, created stronger national government than articles of confederation

3/5 Clause

Allowed for states to count 3 out of every 5 enslaved people to boost representation, benefitted southern states and gave them more power

Federalists

Party that wanted constitution ratified and succeeded, focused on economy (manufacturing, trade, etc), had loose constitutional interpretation, and favored Britain

Anti-Federalists

Do not want to ratify the constitution, largely responsible for the bill of rights

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison to convince people to ratify the constitution

Bill of Rights

Created by anti-federalists, first 10 amendments

President George Washington

First president, promoted neutrality policy, cautions against bipartisanship

Neutrality Policy

Stay out of European affairs

Jeffersonian Republican Party

Party comprised generally of farmers, has a strict interpretation of constitution, and favored France in international affairs

President John Adams

Signed Alien and Sedition acts into law

Alien Act

Aimed at French citizens in the United States

Sedition Act

Policies aimed at Jeffersonian party members

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

Jeffersonian’s response to Alien & Sedition acts, accused them of being unconstitutional, urged states not to follow them

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

Aaron Burr ties Jefferson, ends up as V.P, first time Jeffersonians win presidency

Aaron Burr

Vice President after election of 1800

Louisiana Territory (LA Territory)

Owned by Spain, wanted by U.S

New Orleans

Crucial area of LA territory for trade

Why did Spain want to get rid of LA territory?

Not profitable, not well populated by people or troops, trade dominated by U.S, U.S settlers moving in illegally

Napoleon Bonaparte

Person who wanted LA territory to empower the French

Haitan Revolution

Crumbles Napoleon’s French empire dreams

Robert Livingston & James Monroe

Negotiators who tried to talk France out of LA territory

Why did France want to sell LA?

Haitian Revolution, needed money, prevent US/Britain alliance, troops stuck in Europe

Arrestment and Impressment

British and French policy that stopped ships & British policy that recruited sailors to the British Navy

Chespeake Incident

U.S Navy ship impressed by Britain

Peaceful Coercion

Find another way of making a country do what you want (Ex: Embargo Act of 1807)

Embargo Act

1807: Stopped American trade with EVERYONE

Tecumseh

Wants to protect Native land from American settlers, promoted Native American confederation, dies during war of 1812

War of 1812

U.S goes to war against Britain — Reasons: Arrestment and impressment, Chesapeake Incident, Native American and British relationship (Tecumseh), Canada

President James Madison

President during war of 1812

Battle of New Orleans

Battle which happened after the war of 1812 had already ended and made General Andrew Jackson a hero

General Andrew Jackson

Hero of battle of New Orleans, opened up land in S.C and Alabama

Hartford Convention

Event held by Federalists during War of 1812 discussing party’s denial of political power — started collapse of Federalist party

What were the consequences of the War of 1812?

Federalists are falling apart, Jeffersonians starting to adopt federalist ideals (military readiness, american manufacturing, tariffs)

Era of Good Feelings

Time period characterized by political consensus and diplomatic respect

President James Monroe

President during era of good feelings

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin

Cotton gin

Invention that expanded institution of slavery as cotton became a cash crop

Sectionalism

Slavery + Expansion = Bad

Panic of 1819

Economy fell apart leading to disruption of Era of Good Feelings

Tallmadge Amendment

Amendment that would’ve made Missouri a free state if not blocked by sentate

Doughfaces

Northern politicians who vote with the South

Henry Clay

Introduces Missouri compromise

Compromise of 1820/Missouri Compromise

Missouri becomes a slave state, Maine is added to become a free state, above 3630 line no slavery