Chapter 6

1. 1598/Edict of Nantes

(1598) issued by the crown, granted limited tolera- tion to French Protestants. Religious wars ceased, and in the new century France blossomed into the mighti- est and most feared nation on the European continent, led by a series of brilliant ministers and by the vain- glorious King Louis XIV. pg98

2. Samuel de Champlain/ "Father of New France"

The leading figure in the founding of Quebec (france's jamestown); an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title "Father of New France." Champlain entered into friendly relations-a fateful friendship-with the nearby Huron Indian tribes. At their request, he joined them in battle against their foes, the federated Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area. Two volleys from the "lightning sticks" of the whites routed the terrified Iroquois, who left behind three dead and one wounded pg98

3. French fur trappers/coureurs de bois

New France did contain one valuable resource: the bea- ver. European fashion-setters valued beaver-pelt hats for their warmth and opulent appearance. To adorn the heads of Europeans, French fur-trappers ranged over the woods and waterways of North America in pursuit of beaver. These colorful coureurs de bois ("runners of the woods") were also runners of risks- two-fisted drinkers, free spenders, free livers and lov- ers. pg99

4. French voyageurs/Montreal 1693

Singing, paddle-swinging French voyageurs also recruited Indians into the fur business. The Indian fur flotilla arriving in Montreal in 1693 numbered four hundred canoes. they french destroyed the indians with disease and alcohol pg8

5. Jesuits

French Catholic missionaries labored zealously to save the Indians for Christ and from the fur-trappers. Some of the Jesuit missionaries, their efforts scorned, suffered unspeakable tortures at the hands of the Indians. But though they made few permanent converts, the Jesuits played a vital role as explorers and geographers. pg100

6. Antoine Cadillac/1701

French explorer. To thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley, Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit, "the City of Straits," in 1701. pg100

7. Robert de La Salle/"Louisiana"

To check Spanish penetration into the region of the Gulf of Mexico, ambitious Robert de La Salle floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to the point where it mingles with the Gulf. He named the great inte- rior basin "Louisiana/, in honor of his sovereign, Louis XlV. Dreaming of empire, he returned to the Gulf three years later with a colonizing expedition of four ships. But he failed to find the Mississippi delta, landed in Spanish Texas, and in 1687 was murdered by his mutinous men. pg100

8. King William's war/Queen Anne's war

King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713); mostly pitted British colonists against the French COL/- fews de bois, with both sides recruiting whatever Indian allies they could. they used allies of indians to fight insead of sending troops. allied withe the spanish. British had small victory at Port Royal in Acadia pg101

9. Utrecht/1713

peace terms/treaty for the battle of Port Royal were signed at Utrecht in 1713; the british were given french Acadia, renamed Nova Scotia (New Scotland), Newfoundland, and Hudson bay, limited trading rights in Spanish america pg101

10. The War of Jenkin's Ear/1739

British Captain Robert Jenkins had his ear cut off by Spanish revenue authorities; war between the british and spanish in the Caribbean Sea and Georgia pg 101-102

11. War of Austrian Succession/ King George's war

This small-scale scuffle with Spain in America soon merged with the large-scale War of Austrian Succession in Europe; Once again, France allied itself with Spain. And once again, a rustic force of New Englanders invaded New France. pg102

12. French Fortress of Lousibourg/peace treaty of 1748

captured the reputedly impregnable French fortress of Louisbourg, which was on Cape Breton Island and commanded the approaches to the St. Lawrence River. When the peace treaty of 1748 handed Louisbourg back to their French foe, the victorious New Englanders were outraged pg102

13. 1749/ British Colonial speculators

In 1749 a group of British colonial speculators, chiefly influen- tial Virginians, including the Washington family, had secured shaky legal "rightsII to some 500,000 acres in this region. In the same disputed wilderness, the French were in the process of erecting a chain of forts commanding the strategic Ohio River. Especially fonni- dable was Fort Duquesne at the pivotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio-the later site of Pittsburgh pg103

14. 1754/ George Washington

1754, Virginia governor sent George Washington, a 21yo Virginian surveyor, to Ohio Country as a lieutenant colonel in command of 150 Virginia militiamen; fought a french detachment, killed the commander, rest of the french fled pg103-104

15. Fort Necessity/July 1754

french surrounded Wshington/troops in Fort Necessity on July 4th 1754; Washington was forced to surrender and was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war pg104

16. French Acadians/1755

Acadians who were deported to Louisiana by the British, the descendents are called Cajuns pg104

French and Indian War

began by G Wash in 1754 in Ohio Valley; Anglo-French colonial war p104

Seven Years' War (where)

fought in America, Euro, W Indies, Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean; seven seas war p104

1754/Albany, NY (immediate purpose)

Brit gov. summoned intercolonial congress to Albany; purpose was to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British; long term goal was for better colonial unity; strengthen defense against French p106

Pennsylvania Gazette/"Join or Die"

produced by Benjamin Franklin, showed separate colonies as parts of a disjointed snake; colonists wanted a union but couldn't agree on it p106

General Braddock/1755

sent with Washington with 2k soldiers to Virg. to capture fort Fort Duquesne; failed miserably p106

invasion of Canada

in 1756; America had joined the conflict; Brits attacked many small wilderness posts at the same time instead of attacking Québec and Montréal, bad idea; Brits did not do well p106

William Pitt /"Great Commoner"

in 1757, a leader in London gov; good military leader in 7 yrs war focused on W Indies and Canada's vitals p106-107

1758/Louisbourg

lead by William Pitt, 1st significant victory for Brits p107

James Wolfe/daring night move

officer selected by William Pitt for attack on Québec; sent a group to scale a cliff and fought on the Plains of Abraham against Marquis de Montcalm, Brits won p107

Battle of Quebec/1759

one of the most significant fights in Brit and American history, Brit victory under William Pitt p107

Montreal 1760/settlement at Paris (1763)

British took over Montréal, eliminated the French in North America, French gave land to Spain because of losses; British became dominant power in North America p107

Indians/Treaty of Paris

Spanish and French's removal deprived the Indians of their most powerful diplomatic weapon; Indians would have to negotiate exclusively with the Brits p109

Pontiac's uprising/1763

Ottawa chief, Pontiac, led several tribed and Frechmen to drive the British out of the Ohio Country, sieged Detroit; British retaliated strongly and crushed the uprising p110-111

Proclamation of 1763

issued by London gov; prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians; goal was to avoid another Pontiac uprising; many Americans angered p111