Review Notes Flashcards Youtube

Flashcards for vocabulary from the lecture notes.

Preconventional Level

The first level of reasoning, where moral judgments are based on obedience and punishment.

Conventional Level

The second level of reasoning, where morality is centered around what society regards as right.

Postconventional Level

The third level of reasoning, where individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own morality.

Lawrence Kohlberg

American psychologist, known for his theory of stages of moral development.

Heinz Dilemma

Famous moral dilemma presented by Kohlberg to his students, involving a man stealing medicine to save his wife.

Theory of Social Development

Vygotsky's theory that community and language play a central part in learning.

Zone of Proximal Development

What we can do with the help of an adult, a friend, technology, or a more knowledgeable other.

Piaget's Theory

Cognitive development happens in four stages: sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Sensory Motor Stage

Ages birth to two - we develop through experiences and movement our five senses.

Preoperational Stage

Ages two to seven - thinking is mainly categorized through symbolic functions and intuitive thoughts.

Concrete Operational Stage

Ages seven to eleven - discover logic develop concrete cognitive operations such as sorting objects in a certain order.

Formal Operational Stage

Age twelve - Ability to think more rationally about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.

Jerome Bruner's Theory of Development

We learn best when we go from concrete to abstract in a three step process.

Scaffolding

Structuring activities based on students' existing knowledge and in a way that helps them to reach the desired learning outcome.

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Eight stages throughout life, each with different needs, questions, and influencing people.

Operant Conditioning

To increase or decrease a certain behavior by adding a consequence.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant response to decrease behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing something pleasant to decrease behavior.

Observational Learning

Learning from observing or watching others.

Experiential Learning

Learning by doing.

Interdisciplinary Education

Education is an experience that is subject to constant change.

IEP

Governed by a special education law.

504 Plan

Governed under a civil rights law.

Bloom's Taxonomy

Helps educators develop critical thinking skills and higher order cognitive abilities in their students.

Remember

The lowest level of cognitive rigor which require students to remember.

Apply

Is the level that requires students to Apply

Analyze

Is the level that requires students to Analyze

Evaluate

Is the level that requires students to Evaluate

Create

The highest level of cognitive rigor which require students to Create

Schema

A generalization of past experiences that forms a scripted pattern of thought.

Assimilation

The cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

Accommodation

To understand something truly new, we first have to remodel our brain space.

Classical Conditioning

A way of learning where a stimulus that triggers a biological response is paired with a new stimulus that then results in the same reaction.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Five stages of human needs that motivate our behavior.

Formative Assessment

Assessments used during the teaching process.

Summative Assessment

Assessments used to measure long term academic goals.

Diagnostic Assessment

Assessments used to get prior knowledge on students and to plan future instructions.

Formal Assessment

Assessments with strict and specific testing procedures and rules.

Informal Assessment

Assessments that they lack supporting data and use normal classroom assessment procedures.