1.1.1. Structure Function of the Processor

1.1.1 a) ● The Arithmetic and Logic Unit ● The Control Unit ● Registers: ○ Program Counter ○ Accumulator ○ Memory Address Register ○ Memory Data Register ○ Current Instruction Register ● buses: ○ Data Bus ○ Address Bus ○ Control Bus ● How these relate to assembly language programs 1.1.1 b) ● The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle ● Its effect on registers 1.1.1 c) ● The factors affecting the performance of the CPU: ○ Clock Speed ○ Number of Cores ○ Cache 1.1.1 d) ● The use of pipelining in a processor to improve efficiency 1.1.1 e) ● Von Neumann architecture ● Harvard architecture ● Contemporary processor architecture

What does the ALU do?

Performs all arithmetic operations and logical operations on binary data

What do logical operations include?

Boolean logic operations such as AND, OR, and NOT on binary data.

What does arithmetic operations include?

Addition, subtraction, etc on fixed or floating point numbers

What is the Control Unit?

a component of the processor that irects the operations of the CPU

CU jobs (5):

Controlling and coordinating activities of CPU, managing flow of data between CPU and other devices, accepting next instruction, decoding instructions, storing resulting data back in memory

What are registers?

Small memory cells that operate at a very high speed.

What are the registers used for?

To temporarily store data and all arithmetic, logical and shift operations occur in these registers.

Name 5 Registers:

PC, ACC, MAR, MDR, CIR

What is the purpose of the PC?

Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed

What is the purpose of the ACC?

Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed

What is the purpose of the MAR?

Holds the address of a location that is to beread from or written to.

What is the purpose MDR?

Temporarily stores data that has been read or data that needs to be written.

What is the purpose of the CIR?

Holds the current instruction being executed, divided up into operand and opcode

What are buses?

Buses are a set of parallel wires which connect two or more components inside the CPU.They are used for transferring data, addresses, and control signals between the components.

What are the three buses called?

data bus, address bus, control bus

What are the three buses called collectively?

system bus

What is the width of the bus?

the number of parallel wires the bus has and is directly proportional to the number of bits that can be transferred simultaneously at any time

What is the data bus?

Buses are a set of parallel wires which connect two or more components inside the CPU.

What is the data bus used for?

Transporting data and instructions between components

What is the address bus?

A single directional bus used to transmit memory addresses specifying where data is sent or retrieved in memory.

What is the width of the address bus proportional to?

The number of addressable memory locations

What is the Control bus?

A bi-directional bus used to transmit control signals between internal and external components.

What does the Control bus do?

It coordinates the use of the address and data buses andprovides status information between system components.

What control signal shows that a device is requesting the use of the data bus

Bus request

What control signal shows that the CPU has granted access to the data bus?

Bus grant

What control signal allows data is written into the addressed location using this bus?

Memory write

What control signal causes data to be read from a specific location and placed onto the data bus

Memory read:

What control signal shows that a device is requesting access to the CPU?

Interrupt request

What control signal is used to synchronise operations?

Clock

What is Assembly Language?

Low-level programming language that is intended to communicate directly with a computer's hardware