Placer Mining
Extracting minerals by hand using simple tools
Quartz Mining
Using tools to dig deep for minerals
Vigilance Committee
Law enforcement volunteers who tracked down criminals
Open Range
Vast grassland owned by the government
Long Drive
The movement of cattle north to rail lines
Chisholm Trail
Popular cattle trail from Texas to Abilene, KS
Maverick
Stray calves with no identifying symbols
Barbed Wire
Invention that enabled farms to be fenced off cheap and easily
Great Plains
Area of land from 100th Meridian to the Rockies
Homestead Act
1862 law that allowed settlers to gain a tract of land for $10
Dry Farming
Planting seeds deep in the ground to get moisture
Sodbuster
People who planted the soil of the Great Plains
Wheat Belt
Area that encompassed the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas
Bonanza Farm
Wheat farms that covered up to 50,000 acres
Nomad
People who roamed the land following buffalo
Annuity
Payments to reservation residents
Indian Peace Commission
Government agency that created two large reservations on the plains
Ghost Dance
A native ritual that celebrated a return of the native way of life
Assimilate
Being absorbed into American society
Allotment
Parts of reservations given to individuals
Dawes Act
1887 law giving each native household 160 acres for farming
Henry Comstock
Discovered a large silver mine in Nevada
Nat Love
Former slave who moved west to work cattle
Stephen Long
Explorer who called the plains the "Great American Desert"
Red Cloud
Sioux chief who defeated the U.S. army in Wyoming
Crazy Horse
Sioux warrior who led the defeat of Federman's troops
Sitting Bull
Sioux chief, religious leader
George Custer
Commander of the 7th cavalry, lost the Battle of Little Bighorn
Chief Joseph
Leader of Nez Perce, he surrenders and is exiled to Oklahoma
When and why did cattle ranching become profitable in the west?
In the 1850's beef became popular
2 examples of cattle trails
Chisholm Trail and Great Western Cattle Trail
2 reasons the open range ended
Overgrazing and the invention of barbed wire
2 reasons American west settled quickly
Gold rush and land
What were some hardships faced by frontier settlers?
Droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues
2 examples of technology that helped farmers in the west
Steel plow and barbed wire
How did the destruction of buffalo affect the Native Americans?
Starvation/lack of food, illness, disease
Battle of Wounded Knee
150-300 Lakota Indians were killed by U.S. troops in southwestern South Dakota
Positive impacts of the Homestead Act
Allowed people to seek freedom and a better life in the west, gave them up to 160 acres of public land.
Negative impact of the Homestead Act
They had to provide their own farming tools
What was the importance of the Ghost Dance to Native Americans?
They believed it was used as a social dance and used for healing practices as well.
The Indian Peace Commissions was an act of congress formed in these two states:
Oklahoma and South Dakota
Where did the Chisholm Trail end?
Albilene, KS
Nebraska's 3 main reservations
Ponca, Winnebago, Sante Sioux
2 reasons ranchers drove cattle north
Railroads and cattle was worth more
He was the first commercial seller
Richard Sears
This was invented to coordinate deliveries on the railroad
Time zones
Boom towns in the west grew fast and soon turned to what?
Ghost towns
African Americans who moved south from Kansas looking for land
Exodusters
What 2 animals helped the plains Indians survive?
Buffalo and horses
2 reasons why African Americans moved west
New opportunities and chief land
Final plains Indian war
Battle of Wounded Knee