Intro to communications exam 2

studies the acquisition of speech sounds and patterns

articulation and phonological disorders

speech intelligibility

degree to how much people can understand the words spokenq

substitution

substituting one sound with another

substitution example

wadio - radio

omission

leaving out a sound in a word

omission example

ka - car

distortion

slushy distorted s sound

distortion example

hisl - his

addition

adding sounds to a word

addition example

salow - slow

final consonant deletion

not saying final consonant of a word

final consonant deletion example

ri - ride

initial consonant deletion

not saying initial consonant of a word

initial consonant deletion example

ike - bike

cluster reduction

reducing cluster consonants such as -nd in friend

cluster reduction example

bu - blue

fronting

substitution process when a sound is made in the front of mouth when it should be elsewhere

fronting example

tum - come

denasalization

when nasal sounds like m or n are replaced with other sounds

Denasalization example

bother - mother

potential causes of artic and phonological disorders

intelligence, sex, birth order, language development., oral structures, tongue tie dental issues, auditory discrimination, hearing loss, neuropathologies, dysarthia, ,apraxia, tongue thrust, never assume

articulation screen

less in depth, used to determine if a client is a candidate for an evaluation or assessment

articulation assessment

aka evaluation, identifying and explaining clinical problem

assessment procedure

history, interview, oralfacial examination, hearing screening, assessment of sound production, stimulability test, analysis of results

history

extensive, when problem started, family thoughts, previous treatment

oralfacial examination

exams oral structures, rules out organic problems in facial structure/abnormalities

hearing screening

rules out hearing loss possibility

assessment of sound production

speech samples and standardized tests can be obtained

tests of stimulability

identify sound errors and provide models and cues for child to produce in isolation and varying linguistic levels

analysis of assessment

diagnostic report, analyze data, describe errors, make recommendations, set goal and objectives

preverbal behaviors

cooing, crying, gestures before child can talk

by 12 months

gestures, noises, sounds, eye contact

first words

around 12 months

two word utterances

around 18-24 months, 24 months more likely

syntax takes

24 months to come togther

50 words

18 months

morpheme

smallest unit of language that has meaning

free morpheme

can stand alone

bound morpheme

needs to be with free morpheme

free and bound morpheme example

unhappy - un: bound, happy: free

mlu

mean length of utterance, morpheme number over utterances

unintentional communication

not meant to produce an effect

intentional communication

to get attention

tier 1

everyday speech, in out,blue, book, animal

tier 2

general academic language, priority, layers, classify

tier 3

domain specific language, ecosystem, germinate, photosynthesis

tiers

level of language complexity

difference between older and younger children's conversational skills

older children initiate conversations, talk longer on the same topic learn smooth transitions, state observations, etc

Nativist Theory

language is innate

all languages share many

universal characteristics

children acquire language

rapidly

behavioral viewpoint

all language is learned

events in child's ____ play a role in language acquisition

environment

motherese

Slow high pitched way of speaking to infants

what characteristics/diagnoses might children with dld present

limited intellectual skills, misbehavior, autism

semantic problems

slower vocabulary growth, only concrete words, difficulty understanding

morphological problems

speaking without tense, he goed, she happy

syntactic problems

short or incomplete sentences, may make mistakes in word order

pragmatic problems

poor discourse skills, lack of turn taking, lack of topic maitnenance, poor narrative skills

observation and measurement

determine if a clinical problem exists

nature and extent of problem

cause, and level of delay (mild-severe)

language assessment

case history, observation, measurement of langauge, language sample, assessing collateral areas, assessment report

case history

interview, education, client history, family interaction

measurement of language

usually standardized test

language sample

recording language production and asses

assessing collateral areas

oralfacial exam, hearing screening

assessment report

describes language skills of child, areas of deficit, prognosis for improvement, recommendation for treatment

stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

stuttering can begin

in early childhood or after an injury

stuttering ____ over time and situations

varies

people with stutters can ____ with no difficulty

sing

stuttering involves

facial grimaces and breathing abnormalities

do more males or females have stutters

males

can people with stutters benefit from treatment

yes

part word repetitions

"What t-t-t-time is it?"

whole word repetitions

"What-what-what are you doing?"

phrase repetitions

"I want to-I want to-I want to do it"

sound prolongation

nnnnnnnnnnnot that

interjections of sounds, syllables, words, and phrases

um um i had a well a problem