Locomotion and Movement Flashcards

Flashcards on Locomotion and Movement

Movement

Significant feature of living beings, exhibited by animals and plants in a wide range

Locomotion

Voluntary movements resulting in a change of place or location

Amoeboid movement

Cells exhibiting movement via pseudopodia formed by streaming protoplasm

Ciliary movement

Movement occurring in internal tubular organs lined by ciliated epithelium

Muscular movement

Movement requiring the contractile property of muscles

Muscle

Specialized tissue of mesodermal origin contributing 40-50% of body weight

Muscle Properties

Properties of muscles including excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

Skeletal muscles

Muscles closely associated with skeletal components, striated and voluntary

Visceral muscles

Muscles located in inner walls of visceral organs, nonstriated and involuntary

Cardiac muscles

Muscles of the heart, striated and involuntary

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane lining a muscle fiber

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber containing many nuclei

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers, storing calcium ions

Myofilaments/Myofibrils

Parallelly arranged filaments in sarcoplasm, made of actin and myosin

I-band/Isotropic band

Light bands in myofibrils containing actin

A-band/Anisotropic band

Dark bands in myofibrils containing myosin

Z-line

Elastic fiber bisecting the I band

M-line

Fibrous membrane holding thick filaments together in the A band

Sarcomere

Functional unit of contraction between two successive Z lines

H-zone

Central part of thick filament not overlapped by thin filaments

Actin (thin) filament

Filament made of two 'F' actins helically wound together

Meromyosins

Monomeric proteins constituting a thick filament

Heavy meromyosin (HMM)

Globular head with a short arm of meromyosin

Sliding filament theory

Sliding of thin filaments over thick filaments

Neuromuscular junction/Motor-end plate

Junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber

Motor unit

Motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it

Myoglobin

Red colored oxygen storing pigment in muscles

Red fibers

Muscles with high myoglobin content; appear reddish

White fibers

Muscles with less myoglobin content; appear pale/whitish

Skeletal system

Framework of bones and cartilages in the body

Bone

Hard matrix due to calcium salts

Cartilage

Pliable matrix due to chondroitin salts

Axial skeleton

Division comprising 80 bones along the main axis

Appendicular skeleton

Division including limb bones and girdles

Cranial and facial bones

Two sets of bones comprising the skull

Fibrous joints

Joints that do not allow any movement

Cartilaginous joints

Joints where bones are joined with the help of cartilages

Synovial joints

Joints characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity

Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction

Muscular dystrophy

Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle

Tetany

Rapid spasms in muscle due to low Ca++

Arthritis

Inflammation of joints

Osteoporosis

Age-related disorder with decreased bone mass

Gout

Inflammation of joints due to uric acid crystal accumulation