DHO Health Science: Anatomy and Physiology - Basic Structures of the Human Body

What is anatomy?

The study of the form and structure of an organism.

What is the study of the form and structure of an organism?

Anatomy

What is physiology?

The study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work.

What is the study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work?

Physiology

What is pathophysiology?

The study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes.

What is the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes?

Pathophysiology

What are the different types of diseases?

Congenital, inherited, infectious, and degenerative.

Which medical term includes the categories congenital, inherited, infectious, and degenerative?

Diseases

How do congenital diseases occur?

They are acquired during the development of the infant in the uterus and existing at or dating from birth.

What type of disease is acquired during the development of the infant in the uterus and exists at or dating from birth?

Congenital

What are examples of congenital diseases?

-Club foot -Cleft lip/palate -Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) -Spina bifida

What kind of disease is club foot?

Congenital

What kind of disease is cleft lip/palate?

Congenital

What kind of disease is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Congenital

What kind of disease is spina bifida?

Congenital

How do inherited disease occur?

They are transmitted from parents to child genetically.

What type of disease is transmitted from parents to child genetically?

Inherited

What are examples of inherited diseases?

\-Color blindness

\-Hemophilia

\-Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

\-Down syndrome

What kind of disease is color blindness?

Inherited

What kind of disease is hemophilia?

Inherited

What kind of disease is cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Inherited

What kind of disease is Down syndrome?

Inherited

What cause infectious diseases?

Pathogenic (germ-producing) organisms such as bacteria or viruses.

What type of disease is caused by a pathogenic (germ producing) organism such as a bacteria or virus?

Infectious

What are examples of infectious diseases?

\-Common cold (rhinovirus)

\-Hepatitis

\-Sexually transmitted infections (STI)

What kind of disease is the common cold (rhinovirus)?

Infectious

What kind of disease is hepatitis?

Infectious

What kind of disease are sexually transmitted infections (STI)?

Infectious

What cause degenerative diseases?

Deterioration of the function or structure of body tissues and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise.

What type of disease is caused by a deterioration of the function or structure of body tissues and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise?

Degenerative

What are examples of degenerative diseases?

\-Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

\-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

\-Osteoarthritis

What kind of disease is arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)?

Degenerative

What kind of disease is osteoarthritis?

Degenerative

What kind of disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Degenerative

What is a diagnosis?

Identifying the disease or stating what it is.

What is identifying the disease or stating what it is?

Diagnosis

What is etiology?

The cause of the disease.

What is the cause of the disease?

Etiology

What is it called when the cause of a disease is unknown?

Idiopathic

What does it mean when the cause of a disease is idiopathic?

Its cause is unknown

What is it called when a disease is caused by a prescribed treatment?

Iatrogenic

What does it mean when the cause of a disease is iatrogenic?

It's caused by a prescribed treatment

What are examples of iatrogenic diseases?

\-Anemia from chemotherapy

\-Low potassium levels (hypokalemia) caused by diuretic medication

What kind of disease is anemia caused by chemotherapy?

Iatrogenic

What kind of disease is hypokalemia caused by diuretic medication?

Iatrogenic

What is a prognosis

A prediction of the probable course and/or the expected outcome of the disease

What is a prediction of the probable course and/or the expected outcome of the disease?

Prognosis

What is the basic substance of all life?

Protoplasm

What is protoplasm?

The basic substance of all life.

What forms the basic unit of structure and function in all living things?

Protoplasm

What forms cells?

Protoplasm

What are cells?

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

What are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things?

Cells

What are the functions of cells?

\-Take in food and oxygen

\-Produce heat and energy

\-Move and adapt to their environment

\-Eliminate wastes

\-Perform special functions

\-Reproduce to create new, identical cells

What is the cell membrane?

The outer protective covering of the cell.

What is the outer protective covering of the cell?

The cell membrane

What is the cell membrane also referred to as?

The plasma membrane or plasmalemma.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

It allows certain substance to enter and leave the cell while preventing the passage of other substances.

What is the name of the cell part that allows certain substance to enter and leave the cell while preventing the passage of other substances?

The cell membrane

What is it called when a substance allows certain substance to enter and leave the cell while preventing the passage of other substances?

Semipermeable

What is the cytoplasm?

A semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus.

What is the semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus?

The cytoplasm

What is the cytoplasm made of?

-70-90% water -Proteins -Lipids -Carbohydrates -Minerals -Salts

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

It is the site for all chemical reactions that take place in the cell, such as protein synthesis and cellular respiration.

What is the name of the cell part that is the site for all chemical reactions that take place in the cell, such as protein synthesis and cellular respiration?

The cytoplasm

What is an organelle?

Cell structures that help a cell to function.

Where are organelles located?

The cytoplasm

What do the main organelles include?

-Nucleus -Mitochondria -Ribosomes -Lysosomes -Centrioles -Golgi apparatus -Endoplasmic reticulum

What are cell structures that help a cell to function called?

Organelles

What is the cell nucleus?

A mass in the cytoplasm. It is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm. It is often called the "brain" of the cell because it controls many cell activities and is important in the process of mitosis or cell division.

What does the cell nucleus do?

\-Controls cell activities

\-Stores DNA for cell division

Which organelle controls cell activity and stores DNA?

The nucleus

What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

A nuclear membrane

Which organelles consists of one or more small, round bodies located inside the nucleus, and are important in cell reproduction?

The nucleolus

What is the nucleolus?

One or more small, round bodies located inside the nucleus, and important in cell reproduction.

Where are ribosomes made?

The nucleolus

What are ribosome made of?

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein.

What are ribosomes?

Ribosomes, made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein, are manufactured in the nucleolus. The ribosomes move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they aid in the synthesis (production) of protein. They can exist freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Which organelle can exist freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?

The ribosomes

What do ribosomes aid in?

Protein synthesis

Which organelle aids in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

Which organelle is made of RNA and protein, is manufactured in the nucleolus, move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, aid in synthesis of protein, and can exist freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?

The ribosomes

Where is chromatin located?

In the nucleus

What is chromatin made of?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein.

What do chromatin condense to form?

Chromosomes

How many chromosomes does a human cell have?

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

How many genes does a chromosome have?

30,000-45,000

What has 30,000-45,000 genes?

Chromosomes

What are chromosomes made of?

Chromatin (DNA and protein)

What are genes?

The structures that carry inherited characteristics.

What are structures that carry inherited characteristics?

Genes

Approximately how many base pairs of DNA does a gene have?

1,000

What has approximately 1,000 base pairs of DNA?

Genes

What does a DNA sequence carry?

The genetic coding that allows for exact duplication of the cell.

What is used as an identification tool similar to fingerprints, but much more exact?

DNA sequences

Why are DNA sequences used as an identification tool?

Because they are unique for each individual.

What is a genome?

The total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents.

What is the total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents?

A genome

What does a genome consist of? (what is it made of)

Strings of DNA nucleotides.

Approximately how many nucleotides does a human have in their genome?

3 billion