PSYC 308 Midterm 2

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25 Terms

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Natural State or Ideal Type

The inherent essence or perfect form underlying the diversity among individual organisms, as per Aristotle's concept.

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Functionalism

The psychology focusing on mental operations and the utility of consciousness in adapting to the environment, contrasting with structuralism.

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Hereditary Genius

Galton's study on the inheritance of exceptional abilities and the foundation of the Science of Eugenics.

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Stream of Consciousness

William James's idea that consciousness is a continuous flow, resisting reduction to elements.

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Material Self

The aspect of self including physical body and possessions, as per James's theory of self.

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Affordance

The potential actions an object or environment allows an organism to perform, a concept from ecological psychology.

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Ideomotor Theory

The theory suggesting that thinking about an action increases its likelihood of execution, influencing the selection of affordances.

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Statistical Noise

Random variations in data analogous to interfering forces, hindering individuals from reaching their Natural State.

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Law of Errors

Describes the statistical distribution of measurement errors, typically following a normal distribution pattern.

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Frequency Plot

Represents the distribution of data points, showing the occurrence frequency of each value within a dataset.

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True Value

Conceptually aligns with the mean or expected value in statistics, representing the central tendency.

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Variability

Represents interfering forces or deviations from the mean, reflecting the spread of data points.

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Gauss’ Frequency Plot

Measures the distribution of errors or deviations from the true value, often resulting in a normal distribution.

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Accidental Cause

Random, unpredictable influences on measurements according to Quetelet's classification.

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Constant Cause

Systematic, predictable factors affecting measurements as per Quetelet's categorization.

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Variable Cause

Factors causing variation but following a regular pattern, defined by Quetelet.

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Regression to the Mean

The tendency for extreme values to move closer to the average upon repeated measurements, related to Quetelet's causes and true score.

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Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure indicating the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to 1.

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Standardized Test

Administered and scored consistently across all test-takers, ensuring uniformity.

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Normed Test

A test with established norms or average scores based on a representative sample, facilitating comparison.

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Valid Test

Accurately measures what it claims to measure, ensuring the test's appropriateness.

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Group Factor

Specific ability or trait measured by a subset of items within an intelligence test, indicating a common underlying factor.

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Factor Analysis

Method used to measure group factors by identifying clusters of related items within a test, aiding in understanding underlying abilities.

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Phenomenology

Focuses on direct experience of phenomena, emphasizing subjective perception and consciousness in psychology.

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Gestalt Rules

Principles like similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity that explain how the mind organizes sensory input for object recognition.