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En primer lugar
In the first place
Para empezar
To begin with
Antes que nada
First of all
Cabe mencionar que
It’s worth mentioning that
Además
Moreover / Furthermore
Aparte de eso
Aside from that
No solo… sino también
Not only… but also
De hecho
In fact
Sin embargo
However
Por otro lado
On the other hand
Aunque
Even though
A pesar de
Despite
Por lo tanto
Therefore
Como resultado
As a result
Debido a
Due to
En consecuencia
Consequently
Por ejemplo
For example
Es decir
That is to say
Dicho de otro modo
In other words
En resumen
In summary
En fin
All in all
Para concluir
To conclude
Al fin y al cabo
After all
Afirmar
To state
Sostener
To argue / maintain
Destacar
To highlight
Recalcar
To emphasize
Demostrar
To demonstrate
Probar
To prove
Refutar
To refute
Opinar que
To be of the opinion that
Parecer que
To seem that
Es evidente que
It is evident that
Exigir
To demand
Rechazar
To reject
Lograr
To achieve
Sugerir
To suggest
Aconsejar
To advise
Amenazar
To threaten
Inigualable
Unmatched
Sobresaliente
Outstanding
Relevante
Relevant
Contundente
Forceful / Convincing
Fidedigno
Reliable
Sumamente
Extremely
Notablemente
Notably
En gran medida
To a great extent
Indudablemente
Undoubtedly
Ser pan comido
To be a piece of cake
Estar entre la espada y la pared
To be between a rock and a hard place
No tener pelos en la lengua
To be very direct/blunt
Más vale tarde que nunca
Better late than never
Hacerse la vista gorda
To turn a blind eye
Tirar la toalla
To throw in the towel / give up
Estar en las nubes
To be daydreaming
Echar leña al fuego
To add fuel to the fire
Estar hasta las narices de…
To be fed up with...
Ponerse las pilas
To get your act together
No ver la hora de…
Can’t wait to...
No cabe duda de que…
There’s no doubt that...
A duras penas
Barely / With great difficulty
Derechos humanos
Human rights
Desigualdad social
Social inequality
Cambio climático
Climate change
Pobreza extrema
Extreme poverty
Obra maestra
Masterpiece
Corriente artística
Artistic movement
Realismo mágico
Magical realism
Trama
Plot
Oferta y demanda
Supply and demand
Desarrollo sostenible
Sustainable development
Globalización
Globalization
Innovación tecnológica
Technological innovation
Estoy de acuerdo con…
I agree with...
No comparto esa opinión
I don’t share that opinion
Es un tema polémico
It’s a controversial topic
Si tuviera más tiempo, + conditional
If I had more time, I would...
Si hubiera sabido, + past conditional
If I had known, I would have...
No estoy seguro de que + subjunctive
I’m not sure that...
Es poco probable que + subjunctive
It’s unlikely that...
Desde mi punto de vista…
From my point of view...
Me parece que…
It seems to me that...
Considero que…
I consider that...
No creo que sea necesario…
I don’t think it’s necessary...
Es importante que tomemos medidas…
It’s important that we take action...
El problema fue causado por…
The problem was caused by...
Se ha demostrado que…
It has been proven that...
Es fundamental reconocer que…
It is fundamental to recognize that...
No se puede negar que…
It cannot be denied that...
What is the subjunctive?
The subjunctive is a verb mood used to express doubt, uncertainty, emotions, hypothetical situations, desires, and impersonal expressions.
When do we use the subjunctive?
Use it after Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Requests/recommendations, Doubt/Denial.
How do you conjugate verbs in the present subjunctive?
Start with the yo form of the present tense, drop the -o, and add: AR verbs e, es, e, emos, éis, en; ER/IR verbs a, as, a, amos, áis, an.
What are some irregular verbs in the present subjunctive?
DISHES (common irregulars): Dar, Ir, Ser, Haber, Estar, Saber.
How do you form the imperfect subjunctive?
Start with the third-person plural (ellos/ellas) form of the preterite, drop the -ron ending, and add the endings: ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran.
When do we use the imperfect subjunctive?
Use it in past WEIRDO situations and hypothetical clauses.
What is the conditional tense?
The conditional is used to express what would happen under certain conditions.
How do you conjugate verbs in the conditional?
Take the infinitive and add the endings: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían.
What are the irregular verbs in the conditional?
They have the same irregular stems as the future tense.
When do we use the conditional?
Use it for hypotheticals, polite requests, and speculation in the past.
What is the past perfect subjunctive?
Used for hypothetical situations in the past (especially in 'si' clauses).
