AP Spanish Flashcards

En primer lugar

In the first place

Para empezar

To begin with

Antes que nada

First of all

Cabe mencionar que

It’s worth mentioning that

Además

Moreover / Furthermore

Aparte de eso

Aside from that

No solo… sino también

Not only… but also

De hecho

In fact

Sin embargo

However

Por otro lado

On the other hand

Aunque

Even though

A pesar de

Despite

Por lo tanto

Therefore

Como resultado

As a result

Debido a

Due to

En consecuencia

Consequently

Por ejemplo

For example

Es decir

That is to say

Dicho de otro modo

In other words

En resumen

In summary

En fin

All in all

Para concluir

To conclude

Al fin y al cabo

After all

Afirmar

To state

Sostener

To argue / maintain

Destacar

To highlight

Recalcar

To emphasize

Demostrar

To demonstrate

Probar

To prove

Refutar

To refute

Opinar que

To be of the opinion that

Parecer que

To seem that

Es evidente que

It is evident that

Exigir

To demand

Rechazar

To reject

Lograr

To achieve

Sugerir

To suggest

Aconsejar

To advise

Amenazar

To threaten

Inigualable

Unmatched

Sobresaliente

Outstanding

Relevante

Relevant

Contundente

Forceful / Convincing

Fidedigno

Reliable

Sumamente

Extremely

Notablemente

Notably

En gran medida

To a great extent

Indudablemente

Undoubtedly

Ser pan comido

To be a piece of cake

Estar entre la espada y la pared

To be between a rock and a hard place

No tener pelos en la lengua

To be very direct/blunt

Más vale tarde que nunca

Better late than never

Hacerse la vista gorda

To turn a blind eye

Tirar la toalla

To throw in the towel / give up

Estar en las nubes

To be daydreaming

Echar leña al fuego

To add fuel to the fire

Estar hasta las narices de…

To be fed up with...

Ponerse las pilas

To get your act together

No ver la hora de…

Can’t wait to...

No cabe duda de que…

There’s no doubt that...

A duras penas

Barely / With great difficulty

Derechos humanos

Human rights

Desigualdad social

Social inequality

Cambio climático

Climate change

Pobreza extrema

Extreme poverty

Obra maestra

Masterpiece

Corriente artística

Artistic movement

Realismo mágico

Magical realism

Trama

Plot

Oferta y demanda

Supply and demand

Desarrollo sostenible

Sustainable development

Globalización

Globalization

Innovación tecnológica

Technological innovation

Estoy de acuerdo con…

I agree with...

No comparto esa opinión

I don’t share that opinion

Es un tema polémico

It’s a controversial topic

Si tuviera más tiempo, + conditional

If I had more time, I would...

Si hubiera sabido, + past conditional

If I had known, I would have...

No estoy seguro de que + subjunctive

I’m not sure that...

Es poco probable que + subjunctive

It’s unlikely that...

Desde mi punto de vista…

From my point of view...

Me parece que…

It seems to me that...

Considero que…

I consider that...

No creo que sea necesario…

I don’t think it’s necessary...

Es importante que tomemos medidas…

It’s important that we take action...

El problema fue causado por…

The problem was caused by...

Se ha demostrado que…

It has been proven that...

Es fundamental reconocer que…

It is fundamental to recognize that...

No se puede negar que…

It cannot be denied that...

What is the subjunctive?

The subjunctive is a verb mood used to express doubt, uncertainty, emotions, hypothetical situations, desires, and impersonal expressions.

When do we use the subjunctive?

Use it after Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Requests/recommendations, Doubt/Denial.

How do you conjugate verbs in the present subjunctive?

Start with the yo form of the present tense, drop the -o, and add: AR verbs e, es, e, emos, éis, en; ER/IR verbs a, as, a, amos, áis, an.

What are some irregular verbs in the present subjunctive?

DISHES (common irregulars): Dar, Ir, Ser, Haber, Estar, Saber.

How do you form the imperfect subjunctive?

Start with the third-person plural (ellos/ellas) form of the preterite, drop the -ron ending, and add the endings: ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran.

When do we use the imperfect subjunctive?

Use it in past WEIRDO situations and hypothetical clauses.

What is the conditional tense?

The conditional is used to express what would happen under certain conditions.

How do you conjugate verbs in the conditional?

Take the infinitive and add the endings: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían.

What are the irregular verbs in the conditional?

They have the same irregular stems as the future tense.

When do we use the conditional?

Use it for hypotheticals, polite requests, and speculation in the past.

What is the past perfect subjunctive?

Used for hypothetical situations in the past (especially in 'si' clauses).