all vocab in aphg

Absolute Distance

Absolute Distance

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.

Absolute Direction

Based on the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west

Relative Distance

Distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question

Relative Direction

Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places

Clustering

When objects in an area are close together.

Dispersal

When objects in an area are relatively far apart.

Elevation

The height of land above sea level.

Map Projection

the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.

Absolute Location

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to another place.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.

Satellite Navigation System

a device used to plot the user's position on a map, using GPS technology to obtain the location.

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

Field Observations

A method of studying what people are doing and observing how their actions and reactions vary.

Media Reports

Articles published by newspapers and magazines and television news programs.

Travel Narratives

records of the places, people, and occurrences of a particular region that a traveler visits.

Landscape Analysis

Using field observation, spatial data, and aerial photography to gather data to define and describe landscapes.

Photographic Interpretation

The identification, description and measurement of objects in images, especially in aerial photographs, for geologic, cartographic or military purposes.

Census Data

Systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

Satellite Imagery

Images of the earth taken from orbiting satellites. Images can be taken in a variety of forms so as to detect specific information about the earth, vegetation and other types of land cover.

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Flows

the movement of objects, people and ideas between places.

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Time-space compression/convergence

The increasing sense of connectedness between a space due to technology

Pattern

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

Human Environment Interaction

The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment

Sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Natural Resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

Land Use

Various ways humans use the land such as agricultural, industrial, residential, or recreational

Environmental Determinism

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Scales of Analysis

the study of a phenomena globally, regionally, or locally

Global Scale

the level of geography that encompasses the entire world as a single unified area

Regional Scale

Interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting.

National Scale

Interactions occurring within a country.

Local Scale

the level of geography that describes the space where an individual lives or works; a city, town, or rural area

Regional Analysis

The study of the cultural, economic, political, physical, or other factors that contribute to the distinctiveness of geographical areas.

Formal Region

An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

Functional (Nodal) Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Perceptual (Vernacular) Region

A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity.

Geographic Data

information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth (natural and constructed).

Mercator Projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

Robinson Projection

A projection that maintains overall shapes and relative positions without extreme distortion. Most classrooms use this projection.

Isoline Map

Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels

Dot Map

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

Cartogram Map

A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population, or economic production.

Travel Documents

All the necessary documents you would need to take with you on a trip i.e passport or ID card, visa, etc.

policy documents

Documents created by the government or other organizations

personal interview

A face-to-face conversation in which a researcher surveys an individual to obtain research data

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Landforms

natural features of the earth's surface

Water Bodies

inland areas of water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs etc)

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

Demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender.

Birth Rate

the number of live births per thousand of population per year.

Death Rates

the number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a newborn can expect to live.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not take into account migration into or out of an area.

Population Doubling Time

The number of years required for a population to double in size.

Fertility

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

Mortality

death

Demographic Transition Model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

Stage 1 DTM

Low Growth, very high CBR, High CBR, Low NIR

Stage 2 DTM

High CBR, Lowering CDR, Increasing NIR, exploding population

Stage 3 DTM

Decreasing CBR, Low CDR, Decreasing NIR, population growth

Stage 4 DTM

Low CBR, Low CDR, Low NIR, stable (but large) population

Stage 5 DTM

Low CBR, Increasing CDR, Negative NIR, decreasing population

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Epidimiological Transition Model

A model that describes the major causes of death between the different stages of development. It goes from famine and natural plagues and diseases to man made afflictions such as smoking and heart attacks due to diet and lack of exercise.

ETM Stage 1 (Pestilence and Famine)

Pestilence, famine, and human conflict cause high CDR (Ex. Black Plague)

ETM Stage 2 (Receding Pandemics)

Receding pandemics with improved sanitation and nutrition, rapidly declining CDR

ETM Stage 3 & 4 (Degenerative Diseases)

Elderly diseases, CBR down, Population stable. The introduction of healthcare & antibiotics led to an increased life expectancy—obesity-related and degenerative disease.

ETM Stage 5 (Reemerging Diseases)

a proposed stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases and some become resistant to antibiotics; CDR increases

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

Esther Boserup

Geographer who believed that our farming technology will always improve in order to be able to feed the growing population of the planet.

Pronatalist

a government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception

Antinatalist

Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy)

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Laws of Migration (Ravenstein)

1. Most migrations are over a short distance.

2. Migration occurs in a series of steps.

3. Long-distance migration tends to go to urban areas.

4. Migration flows create counter flows.

5. Rural residents are more likely to move than an urban residence.

6. Women migrate more often inside their country (shorter distances) and men migrate outside of the country (longer distances). -Not true today

7. Most migrants are young adult males.

8. Migration increases with economic development.

9. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Ernst Ravenstein

created laws of migration

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.