aaa

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass/weight.

States of Matter

Three main states - solid, liquid, gas.

Solid

Has definite shape and volume, closely packed with restricted motion.

Liquid

Has indefinite shape but definite volume, particles are far apart with free movement.

Gas

Has indefinite shape and volume, particles are very far apart with chaotic movement.

Amorphous Solids

Have no definite shape, follow the desired shape, e.g., plastic, gel.

Plasma

State of matter in high-temperature environments like lightning.

Bose Einstein Condensate

Fifth state of matter discovered by Satyendranath Bose, composed of bosons.

Particles Composing Matter

Atoms (smallest), Molecules (atoms combined), Ions (particles with charges).

Properties of Matter

Distinguished by composition and properties, including physical and chemical properties.

Pure Substance

Base component (element or compound).

Mixture

Made of several components, classified as homogenous or heterogeneous.

Elements

Pure substances made of only one type of atom.

Compounds

Pure substances made of two or more atoms.

Diatomic Molecules

Contain exactly two atoms, e.g., Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2).

Parts of a Solution

Solute (particle to be dissolved) and solvent (dissolving medium), solubility.

Ways of Separating Mixtures

Adsorption, Absorption, Capillary Action, Chromatography, Filtration, Distillation.

Chemical Formula

Shorthand symbols for compounds, following specific rules.

IUPAC

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, names new elements.

Isotopes

Atoms of an element with the same protons and electrons but different neutrons.

Parts of the Periodic Table

Divided into groups and periods.

Nomenclature

Rules for naming elements following IUPAC guidelines.