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Matter

●      Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass/weight

States of Matter

●      has three main states (solid, liquid, gas)

Other states of matter

Amorphous solids

●      has no definite shape

●      follows the shape or form you want

●      ex: plastic, gel

Plasma

●      occurs in an environment with high temperature (like lightning)

Bose Einstein Condensate

●      is the fifth state of matter

●      Satyendranath Bose - an Indian mathematician and physicist who discovered the fifth state

●      Boson - particles of integral spin

Particles composing matter

1.     Atoms - smallest particle

2.     Molecules - atoms combined

3.     Ions - particles with charges

Properties of Matter

●      the diff. Types of matter can be distinguished through two components: composition and properties

●      Composition - the different components of matter along with their relative proportions

●      Properties - the qualities or attributes that distinguish one sample from another

According to the change involved during measurement of the property:

●      Physical property

○      the chemical composition doesn’t change

●      Chemical property

○      the chemical composition changes

According to dependence on the amount of matter:

●      Extensive property

○      environmental factors that can cause changes in the height and length

●      Intensive property

○      doesn’t change no matter what happened (ex. melting, boiling, freezing point)

●      Intensive Physical Property

○      characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend on the amount

○      ex. density, color, conductivity, malleability, luster, ductility

●      Extensive Physical Property

○      characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent on the amount or quantity

○      ex. mass, volume, length

— water can experience the three states of matter

Pure Substance and Mixtures

Pure Substance

●      base component (only one)

●      element or compound

Mixture

●      made of several components

●      can be classified as:

○      Homogenous (one phase)

○      Heterogeneous (more than one phase)

Elements and Compounds

Elements

●      pure substances made up of only one atom

Compounds

●      pure substances made up of two or more atoms

Diatomic Molecules

●      contain exactly 2 atoms

●      Hydrogen (H₂), Nitrogen (N₂), Oxygen (O₂), Fluorine (F₂), Chlorine (Cl₂), Bromine (Br₂), Iodine (I₂)

Parts of a Solution

●      Solution

○      It is made up of solute (particle to be dissolved) and solvent (dissolving medium)

●      Solubility

○      ability of substances to be dissolved

○      amount of solute that will be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent under specific conditions

Ways of Separating Mixtures

●      Adsorption

○      Adhesion of molecules to the surface

●      Absorption

○      Taking in of one material by another

●      Capillary Action

○      Spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube

Chromatography

●      Method of separating components of a mixture with different adsorption property on filter paper

●      It has 2 phases:

○      Mobile phase (liquid)

○      Stationary phase (solid or paper)

●      3 methods:

○      Paper chromatography

○      Column chromatography

○      Gas chromatography

●      Thin Layer Chromatography

○      separates mixtures that are colored

●      Paper chromatography

○      most used technique

○      Stationary phase - paper

○      Mobile phase - volatile liquid (alcohol, acetone)

●      Gas chromatography

○      has a mobile and stationary phase

○      the mobile phase (unreactive carrier gas) drives the mixture to the column using a narrow tube coated with the stationary phase (non volatile liquid)

Filtration

●      separation of mixtures using filter paper or cloth

●      separates heterogeneous mixtures (a solid and liquid)

●      Residue - remains in the paper

●      Filtrate - mga dumaan sa filter paper

Distillation

●      separates a mixture of two or more liquids that boil or vaporize at different temperatures

●      needs a burner (most important) since the homogenous mixture needs to boil

●      Burner (source of heat) - process that converts liquids to vapor

●      Condenser - apparatus where heat is cold with circulating water (collects the gas)

●      Flask - collects the vapor

●      Fractional distillation

○      Used to separate components (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel)

○      the first flask contains the mixture with low boiling point and the second flask contains the mixture with high boiling point

○      the mixture with low boiling point evaporates , the condenser will trap the gas, convert it to liquid then it will be transferred to the other flask

Other terminologies

●      Extraction

○      used in experiments

○      separates compounds based on difference in solubility

●      Solubility

○       ability of a substance to be dissolved by another substance

●      Precipitation

○      a substance is strongly attracted to only one of the compounds of the mixture

●      Sedimentation

○      separates substances using a centrifuge apparatus

○      the sediments (heavier components of the mixture) will be left at the bottom of the apparatus

●      Heating

○      similar to distillation however when evaporation occurs the gas will simply disappear

○      used to separate a pure substance to determine if its an element or a compound

●      Hand sorting

○      separates mixture by hand

●      Magnetic separation

○      separate a magnetic solid from a heterogenous mixture

●      Decantation

○      removal of clear liquid above the sediment (ex. pagsasaing)

●      Sublimation

○      separates a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid

Chemical Formula

●      shorthand symbols for compounds

●      Barium Hydroxide

Ba + OH = Ba(OH)₂

●      Magnesium Sulfate

Mg + SO₄ = Mg₂(SO₄)₂

= MgSO₄

rules:

– when combining, unang isusulat ‘yung positive charge

– ‘di na kailangan isulat ‘yung 1

– kung divisible, pwede ma-cancel

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

●      organization that names new elements

Common Substances used in Chemistry

●      Some of the common substances used in chemistry include:

Isotopes, Chemical formula and Naming of Compounds

Isotopes

●      atoms of an element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutron

●      same atomic number, diff mass numbers

●      Greek – iso (equal) and topos (place)

Parts of the Periodic Table

Formula Writing

Nomenclature

●      rules for naming elements that follow the guidelines given by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

Rules in Formula Writing: