Speech disorders unit 1 exam

What is a speech sound disorder?

Persistent difficulty with speech sound production interfering with speech intelligibility or preventing verbal communication of messages.

Which organ is responsible for sound production?

The larynx.

What suspends the larynx?

Muscles and ligaments attached to the U-shaped hyoid bone.

What are the structures of the larynx?

Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, cuneiform, arytenoid, corniculate.

What are the structures of the oral cavity involved in speech?

Tongue, lips, soft palate, jaw, hard palate, alveolar ridge, teeth.

What is a phoneme?

A family of speech sounds perceived as belonging together.

How does breathing occur during speech production?

The diaphragm contracts to increase the size of the thoracic cavity; air enters the lungs when the diaphragm relaxes and air is expelled from the lungs, causing vocal folds to vibrate.

What is speech?

The physical production of sounds using the vocal tract.

What is language?

A structured system of communication that is rule-governed, using words, grammar, and meaning to convey ideas.

At what age does speech become nearly 100% intelligible?

5 years old.

What is rhyme in the context of speech?

Correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words.

What is syllable awareness?

The ability to identify and manipulate syllables in spoken words.

What is phonology?

The study of sound patterns found in all languages and the speaker's knowledge of those patterns.

What are the five infraphonological stages?

1. Phonation stage (0-2 m) - Reflexive sounds; Quasi-resonant nuclei vowel-like sounds; 2. Primitive articulation stage (1-4 m) - Cooing; back sounds emerge /g/, /k/; 3. Expansion (3-8 m) - Vocal play; fully resonant nuclei; true vowels appear; 4. Canonical babbling (5-10 m) - Reduplicated and variegated babbling; 5. Integrative stage (9-18 m).

What is the age of acquisition for the sound /p/?

Age 2.

Which front vowels are high /i/?

High /i/, high /ɪ/, high-mid /e/.

What phonological patterns often disappear by age 3?

Unstressed syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, doubling, diminutization, velar fronting, consonant assimilation, reduplication.

What patterns persist past the age of three?

Prevocalic voicing, epenthesis, vocalization, stopping, depalatization, final devoicing.

What is alliteration?

A figure of speech that involves repeating the same or similar sounds at the beginning of words.

What is phonetic awareness?

Awareness of how words are made up of sounds such as syllables, rhymes, and phonemes.

What is the intelligibility of children at 19-24 months?

25-50% intelligibility.

What are characteristics of functional speech sound disorders?

Substitution affecting phonemic contrast, omissions/deletions, distortions, additions.

What types of errors are seen in functional speech sound disorders?

Independent articulation errors, phonological rule-based error patterns, idiosyncratic error patterns.

What does prelinguistic mean?

The stage of communication before a child acquires and uses language.

How do infants localize sounds?

Stages include 0-1 m: reflective responses; 1-3 m: increased awareness; 4-6 m: improved localization, responding to their name.

What are protophones?

Speech-like sounds infants produce before they can speak.

What are characteristics of first true words?

Clear intention and consistent phonetic forms; typically more open syllables.

What is the difference between functional and organic disorders?

Functional: no known anatomical, physiological, or neurological basis; Organic: known anatomical, physiological, or neurological basis.

What is the age range for the occurrence of articulation and phonological disorders?

Occurs around 3-21 years of age.