Module 1.2 BIO122

What is pathology?

Study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

Name the 'Four Horsemen' of pathology.

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Morphological Changes, Clinical Manifestations.

What is etiology?

The cause of disease or the factors that increase risk.

What is a risk factor? Give an example.

A factor that increases likelihood of developing disease; e.g., smoking increases lung cancer risk.

What is pathogenesis?

The sequence of events leading from the cause to the disease’s final outcome.

What are morphological changes?

Observable structural changes in cells, tissues, or organs due to disease.

What are clinical manifestations?

Signs and symptoms observed in a patient due to disease.

Define a 'sign' and give two examples.

Objective, measurable, observed by others; e.g., high blood pressure, vomiting.

Define a 'symptom' and give two examples.

Subjective, reported by the patient; e.g., pain, nausea.

Why is distinguishing between signs and symptoms important?

Helps in accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment planning.