Plant Tax Test 2 Terms

Hypanthium

Flat, cuplike, or tubular structure on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne (Rosaceae, Saxifragales)

Perigynous flower

A flower with floral parts attached around the ovary on a hypanthium (Rosaceae)

Epigynous flower

A flower with floral parts attached above the ovary (inferior ovary) (Rosaceae, Cucurbitaceae)

Hypogynous flower

A flower with floral parts attached below the ovary (superior ovary) (many basal angiosperms, some Rosids)

Axile placentation

Ovules attached to a central column in a compound ovary (Rosaceae, general Rosids)

Marginal placentation

Ovules attached along the margin of a single carpel (Rosaceae)

Stipules

Small leaf-like appendages at the base of a leaf petiole (Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Violaceae)

Apocarpous gynoecium

A gynoecium with unfused carpels (Crassulaceae, basal Rosids)

Syncarpous gynoecium

A gynoecium with fused carpels (most higher Rosids)

Apopetalous corolla

A corolla with separate petals (basal Rosids, Saxifragales)

Sympetalous corolla

A corolla with fused petals (more derived Rosids, approaching Asterid traits)

Saxifragales

An order of uncertain placement within Rosids, possibly sister to the rest (Saxifragaceae, Crassulaceae, Hamamelidaceae)

Synapomorphy

A shared derived trait that defines a clade

CAM photosynthesis

A water-conserving photosynthetic pathway where stomata open at night (Crassulaceae; also Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae)

Succulent

A plant adapted to store water in fleshy tissues (Crassulaceae)

Liana

A woody climbing plant that relies on other structures for support (Vitaceae)

Tendril

A modified structure used for climbing, often derived from inflorescences (Vitaceae)

Overtopping growth

A growth pattern where inflorescences appear opposite leaves due to stem elongation (Vitaceae)

Polygamodioecious

A breeding system with male/perfect and female/perfect flowers on different plants (Vitaceae)

Oxalates

Compounds giving a sour taste and deterring herbivory (Oxalidaceae)

Tristyly

Three style lengths promoting cross-pollination (Oxalidaceae)

Loculicidal capsule

A fruit that splits along locule walls (Oxalidaceae, Hypericaceae)

Aril

A fleshy seed covering that attracts dispersers (Celastraceae)

Cyathium

A specialized inflorescence mimicking a single flower (Euphorbiaceae)

Pseudanthium

An inflorescence that appears to be a single flower (Euphorbiaceae)

Latex

A milky defensive fluid produced by plants (Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae)

Corona

An अतिरिक्त floral structure between petals and reproductive organs (Passifloraceae)

Androgynophore

A stalk elevating stamens and pistil above the flower (Passifloraceae)

Vivipary

Seeds germinate while attached to the parent plant (Rhizophoraceae)

Propagule

A dispersal unit capable of developing into a new plant (Rhizophoraceae)

Zygomorphic flower

A bilaterally symmetrical flower (Violaceae, Fabaceae)

Actinomorphic flower

A radially symmetrical flower (Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae)

Cleistogamy

Self-pollination in unopened flowers (Violaceae)

Catkin

A cylindrical inflorescence of unisexual, wind-pollinated flowers (Salicaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae)

Dioecious

Male and female flowers on separate plants (Salicaceae)

Monoecious

Male and female flowers on the same plant (Cucurbitaceae, Fagaceae)

Nitrogen fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen by symbiotic bacteria (Fabaceae, Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae)

Pulvinus

A swollen joint at the base of a leaf aiding movement (Fabaceae)

Legume

A dry fruit splitting along two seams (Fabaceae)

Loment

A segmented legume breaking into one-seeded units (Fabaceae)

Aggregate fruit

A fruit from multiple ovaries of one flower (Rosaceae – Rubus, Fragaria)

Drupe

A fleshy fruit with a hard inner seed (Rosaceae – Prunus, Juglandaceae)

Pome

A fleshy fruit derived from an inferior ovary and surrounding tissue (Rosaceae – Malus, Pyrus)

Hypanthium (fruit context)

A floral cup that can contribute to fruit structure (Rosaceae)

Samara

A dry, winged fruit adapted for wind dispersal (Ulmaceae, some Betulaceae)

Laticifer

Cells/tissues producing latex (Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae)

Allelopathy

Chemical inhibition of one plant by another (Juglandaceae – Juglans)

Pepo

A berry with a hard rind (Cucurbitaceae)

Inferior ovary

An ovary located below attachment of other floral parts (Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae)

Cupule

A cup-like structure enclosing a nut (Fagaceae)

Bract

A modified leaf associated with a reproductive structure (Euphorbiaceae, Salicaceae)

Endosperm

Nutritive seed tissue supporting embryo development (Saxifragaceae and many angiosperms)