Kaarten: Introduction to English Linguistics and Grammar: Phonetics and Phonology | Quizlet

Phones

speech sounds

Phonetics

study of speech sounds (physical aspect)

articulatory phonetics

the study of the way speech sounds are produced by the vocal organs of the speaker

acoustic phonetics

the study of the physical properties of speech sounds i.e. their transmission as sound waves through the air

auditory phonetics

the studyy of the way speech sounds are picked up and identified by the listener's auditory apparatus

Bilabial

contact between upper and lower lips [w m b p]

labio-dental

lower lips touching the upper teeth [f v]

(Inter)dental

tongue tip between upper and lower teeth or close to upper teeth [θ ð]

alveolar

tongue blade close to the alveolar ridge [l n s t d z]

post-alveolar

tongue tip close to just behind the alveolar ridge /r/

retroflex

tongue tip curled back to well behind the alveolar ridge /r/

palato-alveolar

tongue blade close to alveolar ridge, with simultaneous raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate [ ʃ ʒ]

palatal

front of the tongue close to the hard palate [j]

velar

back of the rongue raised against the velum [k g ŋ]

glottal

using the glottis to make audible friction [h]

plosive or stop

The airstream is completely blocked off at some point in the vocal tract, causing air pressure to build up behind the closure which, when suddenly released, causes the air to explode outwards. The velum is raised to prevent the air from escaping through the nose. [p b t d k g]

nasal

The velum is lowered while the oral cavity is momentarily blocked off completely at some point in the vocal tract, causing the air to be channeled through the nose. [ n m ŋ]

affricate

The airstream is completely blocked off at some point in the vocal tract, causing air pressure to build up behind the closure which is then released relatively slowly with friction. The velum is raised to prevent air from escaping through the nose [tʃ dʒ]

lateral (only type of partial closure in RP)

Made by the blade of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, the air being free to flow along one or both sides of the contact [l]

fricative

the vocal tract is narrowed at some point to such a degree that friction is produced as the air escapes [f v s z θ ð ʃ ʒ h]

approximant

the articulation involves a light contact or near-contact at some point in the vocal tract to the extent that very little or no friction is produced (even in case of light contact). [w j r]

liquids

the air flows around an obstruction caused by the tongue [l] and retroflex /r/

Semi-vowels / semi-consonants / glides

the phones have properties of both vowels and consonants [j w]

sibilants/stridents

consonants with a sharp hissing sound caused by a narrow groove in the tongue [s z ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ]

tongue height (vowels)

the degree of raising/lowering of the tongue in the oral cavity and the resulting degree of openness of the oral cavity (high/close, mid-high/half-close, mid-low/half-open, low/open)

part of tongue (vowels)

the part of the tongue that is raised or lowered (front, central, back)

cardinal vowel system

schematic representation of the oral cavity in terms of two dimensions

Monophthongs

They are made by moving the tongue towards one particular position in the oral cavity. They maintain their basic quality throughout their articulation.

diphthongs

Complex vowel sounds with diffrent beginnings and endings as the tongue glides from one point of articulation to another point without interruption. Two distinct vowel sounds can be perceived. (They still count as one phone)

Rounded position (lips)

the lips are pushed forwards in the shape of a circle [ɒ ɔː ʊ uː]

unrounded position (lips)

the lips are either spread, with the corners being moved away from each other [iː ɪ e æ], or in neutral position [ɜː ə ʌ ɑː]

vowel length

relative duration of the vowel. Indicated by diacritic lenghtening marker with monophthongs [ː] => long vowels. All diphthongs are long vowels.

nasality

refers to the absence or presence of nasal resonance in the production of a speech sound. RP does not have these kind of vowels.

Phonology

the study of speech sounds (abstract sound systems)

Phonemes

any sound which brings about a diffrence in sound

contrastive

two sounds are ... if changing one sound in a word to the other changes the meaning of the word.

minimal pairs

two words in the language with diffrent meanings which differ only in one sound.

Allophones

positional variants of a phoneme

aspiration

produced with a forceful puff of air

non-releasing of plosives

unreleased stops, happens when the burst of air after a complete closure (like for /p/, /t/, /k/) isn't heard, common at the end of words or before other stops

nasalization

when certain vowels and consonants precede a nasal consonant they may assume a slight nasal quality.

syllable

the smallest possible systematic cluster of phonemes in a language

phonotactics

sub-field of phonology which studies the pinciples that determine the permissible and non-permissible phoneme sequences.

stress

refers to the relative muscalar force and resulting amount of breath with which a speech segment is articulated.

intonation

refers to variations in pitch and stress that are related to diffrences in sentence meaning.

assimilation

process wherreby adjacent sounds influence each other so that they become more alike

anticipatory (or regressive) assimilation

the articulation of a given sound is influenced by the articulation of the following sound.

progressive assimilation

the articulation of a given sound is influenced by the articulation of the preceding sound.

coalescence

two adjacent sounds fuse into a new single element

elision

non-articulation or omission of a phoneme in rapid speech. This is for both vowels and consonants

gradation

a small set of grammatical function words can have a strong and a weak pronounciation depending on the degree of force or stress with which they are articulated. The strong form is used when the word is pronounced in isolation or or with emphasis. In all other instances, the weak variant is more common.

Liaison

articulation of an otherwise silent or non-occurring sound in between words to help them run more smoothly.

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