Untitled Flashcards Set

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A biological process that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Fermentation

An alternative energy pathway that generates ATP through glycolysis under anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions.

Byproducts of Muscle Fermentation

Lactic acid (lactate) is produced during muscle fermentation.

Byproducts of Yeast Fermentation

Ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are produced during yeast fermentation.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen and produces up to 38 ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen, yielding typically 2 ATP.

Algae Bead Experiment

An experiment measuring CO₂ absorption through color change in the solution, affected by algae bead metabolism.

Bromothymol Blue

A pH indicator that turns yellow in the presence of CO₂, indicating a lower pH level.

Pigments

Molecules, like chlorophyll and carotenoids, that absorb specific wavelengths of light energy.

Light-dependent reactions

Reactions in photosynthesis that occur in thylakoid membranes, requiring sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

A light-independent phase of photosynthesis occurring in the stroma that converts CO₂ into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

Spectrophotometer

An instrument that measures the absorbance or transmittance of light by a solution to determine solute concentration.

Paper Chromatography

A technique for separating solutes in a mixture based on their different solubility and affinity for a solvent.

Stages of Mitosis

The phases of cell division: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells; Meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes.

Cytokinesis

The process of cytoplasm division that occurs after mitosis or meiosis, resulting in two distinct daughter cells.

Gametogenesis

The process of forming gametes: spermatogenesis for sperm and oogenesis for eggs.

Homozygous Genotype

A genotype with two identical alleles, e.g., AA or aa.

Heterozygous Genotype

A genotype with two different alleles, e.g., Aa.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for one specific trait.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross between two organisms that differ in two traits, often represented in a 4x4 Punnett square.

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.

Community

A group of interacting species within the same area.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.

Exponential Growth

Population growth without limits, occurring under ideal conditions.

Logistic Growth

Population growth that slows as it approaches the environment's carrying capacity.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.

Resource Limitation

A factor that limits population growth when essential resources become scarce.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll, converting CO₂ and water into glucose and oxygen.

Chlorophyll

A pigment found in plants that absorbs light energy, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths, to facilitate photosynthesis.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A high-energy molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells, produced during cellular respiration.

NADPH

An electron carrier that provides reducing power for the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis.

Glycolysis

The first step in cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP in aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic Fermentation Types

Lactic acid fermentation (in muscles and some bacteria) and alcoholic fermentation (in yeast), both of which occur without oxygen.

Biomass

The total mass of organisms in a given area or volume, often used as a measure of energy availability in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

The hierarchical levels in an ecosystem comprising producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.