Microbiology - The Science

Microbiology

Microbiology

_____ is the study of all living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Pathogen

_____ is a disease-causing organism.

Non-pathogen

Are those that do not damage, sicken, or kill another organism are called ____

Opportunistic Pathogen

_____ are frequently described as organisms in the medical literature that can become pathogenic after an alteration to their host (e.g., disease, wound, medication, prior infection and immune-deficiency).

2 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF

MICROBES

ACELLULAR MICROBES & CELLULAR MICROBES

ACELLULAR MICROBES

aka infectious particles Prions Viruses.

CELLULAR MICROBES

microorganisms, prokaryotes such as archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes such as algae, fungi and protozoa

WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY?

indigenous flora= inside the body or host

opportunistic pathogens= may invade the system if the host body is weak or have diseases, wound or injuries.

microbes are essential for life on this planet= they regenerate important elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.

decomposition of dead organisms and the waste=organic molecules to inorganic molecules. products of living organisms

bioremediation= the decomposition of industrial waste ex. plastics

WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY?

microbial ecology= elemental cycle. Nitrogen fixation is the way of converting nitrogen into usable form “nitrates”. Also, electrical energy which is a natural way—raining and precipitation.

algae and cyanobacteria serve as food for tiny animals= producers. Algae produce oxygen essential for life.

Biotechnology= infectious disease control. Research and experimentation on microorganisms.

genetic engineering= manipulation of genes. Example: Bacillus thuringienesis (Bt corn).

cell models= morphology. Structures and sizes.

Disease= cause, effect and control of diseases.

MICROBIAL INTOXICATION

is when a pathogen produces a toxin in vitro that causes a disease.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

_____ is when a pathogen colonizes a person's body causing disease or illness.

(3) LEADING PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Anton Van Leewenhoek

Louis Pasteur

Robert Koch

ANTON VAN LEEWENHOEK

Father of Microbiology Father of Bacteriology Father of Protozoology

ANTON VAN LEEWENHOEK

he made one of the most significant contributions to biology by becoming one of the first individuals to see microbes using a microscope of his own design.

ANTON VAN LEEWENHOEK

discovered living organisms that he called "animalcules."

LOUIS PASTEUR

he discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation

LOUIS PASTEUR

He created the pasteurization method, where boiling beverages and letting them cool eliminates microorganisms.

LOUIS PASTEUR

he discovered the forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen; he introduced "aerobes" and "anaerobes

LOUIS PASTEUR

he made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease - theory that states specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases

LOUIS PASTEUR

he developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, rabies anthrax, and swine erysipelas

ROBERT KOCH

created the Germ Theory of Disease and Koch’s postulates

ROBERT KOCH

he discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces spores

ROBERT KOCH

he developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria

ROBERT KOCH

he discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB and Vibrio cholerae causes cholera

ROBERT KOCH

he developed methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media (Petri dish and agar) - these methods enabled Koch to obtain PURE CULTURES of bacteria

Koch’s Postulates

four standards used to prove a link between a sickness and the causative microbes.

Discuss the (4) postulates of Koch

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.

2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Exception of Koch’s Postulate

1. certain pathogens will not grow on artificial media

2. synergistic infections

3. many pathogens are species-specific, meaning that they infect only one species of animal

4. certain pathogens become altered when grown in vitro; some become less pathogenic, whereas other become nonpathogenic