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Where are chromosomes found?
nucleus of body cells
How many chromosomes do we have?
46 chromosomes
How are the chromosomes arranged?
In 23 pairs
How are chromosomes inherited?
In a pair, one chromosome is inherited from each parent
How many chromosomes do the sex cells have?
1
What is chromosome made up of?
Two identical strands called chromatids
What is the cell cyle?
The life cycle of an eukaryotic cell
Why are new cells needed in an organism?
To repair damaged cells and for the organism to grow
What do new cells must have?
The same genetic information as the original cells to carry out the same function
What is in the nucleus?
A thread
Alleles
Different versions of the same gene
Three stages of the cell cycle
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
What happens in interphase?
Part of the cell cycle where the cell isn't dividing
Cell grows up to twice its size
Ribosomes and mitochondria are produced
DNA is copied into duplicates
What happens in mitosis?
Nucleus divides
one set of chromosome is pulled to each end of the cell
chromosomes condense
mitosis results in two identical nuclei
What is cytokenisis?
division of the parent cell's cytoplasm + cell membrane
Cell membrane pinches inward between the two different nuclei
If a cell wall is present, cell plate is formed (then cell wall will be formed where cell plate was)
Mitosis
Second stage of the cell cycle
Where does mitosis take place in plants?
Takes place in growth areas (roots/shoots)
Where does mitosis take place in animals?
All over the body (skin, hair, lining of intestines cells are dividing all the time)
mitosis division description
46 chromosomes then 92 chromosomes then 46 +46 chromosomes
Differentiation
the process by which a cell changes, become more suited or specialised for a particular function
When do animal cells typically differentiate?
Very early in life
What are some examples of specialized jobs that differentiated animal cells can have?
Nerve, skin, or muscle cells
Is differentiation in animal cells permanent?
Yes, differentiation is permanent
What happens to genes in animal cells once they have differentiated?
Some genes have been switched on and off
What is the ability of most plant cells regarding differentiation?
Most plant cells are able to differentiate throughout their life from growing points.
Where are undifferentiated cells formed in plants?
Undifferentiated cells are formed at meristems.
When do plant cells typically differentiate?
Plant cells don't differentiate until they are in the final stage of the plant.
What happens if you move one plant cell to another part of the plant?
It will differentiate to another type of cell.
What are stem cells?
an undifferentiated cell with the potential to form a wide variety of cell types
What can stem cells in plants do?
can be used to quickly make clones of the mature parent plant
we can produce large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely.
This allows a plant to be cloned cheaply and quickly for research
Rare species can be saved from extinction
Stem cells in humans
two types: embryonic and tissue (adult stem cells)
Embryonic stem cells
(able to become anything)
Found in embryos (the inner cells)
Tissue (adult) stem cells
(limited to what they can become)
You can find this in bone marrow
What cell can't divide?
Nerve cells can't divide once they become specialised (can't be repaired when damaged)
What happens when cells can't divide
Adult stem cells are required to repair dead/damaged cells
What is a pro of embryonic stem cells related to pain?
Painless
What potential benefit do embryonic stem cells have for diseases?
Could find cures for a variety of diseases (e.g., paralysis from spinal injuries, diabetes)
Why are embryonic stem cells considered to be in abundance?
Many available (better using than wasting)
Cons of embryonic stem cells
Pros of adult stem cells
cons of adult stem cells