Chapter 12

Rationing

Gas (driving restricted, 35 mph speed limit) meat, sugar, give coupons in to cover purchases

Convoy System

cargo ships travel in groups escorted by navy warships

Amphtrac

boat with tank tracks, utilize in later battles

Cost-Plus

government pays cost to build plus a percentage of cost as profit

Periphery

side, gain experience, help Britain in Egypt: Supply Line

Sun Belt

growth of southern California and the expansion of cities in the Deep South created a new industrial region

Disenfranchise

deprive of the right to vote

victory gardens

government encouraged citizens to plant gardens for the war

kamikaze

suicide attack

Hedgerow

dirt walks, several feet thick, covered in shrubbery

Napalm

a kind of jellied gasoline, used to start fires

Manhattan Project

American project to build an atomic bomb

V-J Day

August 15, 1045 - September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

V-E Day

May 8, 1945, Victory in Europe, Nazis surrender

D-Day

June 6, 1944, beaches fall, began to knock out German defenses, biggest invasion ever successful, 100k troops, Normandy

Double “V” Campaign

victory over Hitler’s racism and racism at home

Bracero Program

migrant walker program

Casablanca Conference

Jan 1943, can pull off invasion (Africa) bomb Germany, attack Axis through Italy (“Soft Underbelly”)

Tehran Conference

Iran, Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill meet, 1943 Stalin agrees to create a two-front war when Britain/US invade France

Bataan Death March

April, 78k defenders captured

Island Hopping

switch bases

Battle of Leyte Gulf

largest naval battle in history, Japanese aircraft carriers swing around, use Kamikaze attacks

Battle of the Coral Sea

US wins, Japanese believe they could proceed with a different 2 different attacks and thought US was unaware, code breakers found out Japan code

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany declares war on US, subs enter coastal waters, convoy systems

Battle of Stalingrad

Operation Barbarossa, destroy Soviet Unions economy, Control of Volga River, railroad junction, cut off resources, no retreat, hold city house by house, Germans surrounded

Battle of the Bulge

Germans surround several groups of troops, Patton/tanks break through lives, lose look troops

Iwo Jima

island between Marianas and Japan, US needed closer island so they would have enough fuel to bomb Japan and come back, 6.8k, marches killed before US won

United Nations

made to help prevent future wars and bring in war criminals to trial, 39 countries met 1944, every country gets one vote, permanent members: Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, United States

Office of Economic Stabilization

regulated wages and price of farm products

War Labor Board

prevents strikes

Office of Price Administration

regulates all prices

Korematsu vs US

Korematsu asked US to hear case, 12/18/44, 6-3 detention was “military necessity” not based on race (Japanese in detention centers)

Selective Service and Training Act

June 1940, peacetime draft (1st ever in history)

Navajo Code Talkers

used their own language (no one knew it), invaluable assets to military with communication

Japanese American Citizens League

Reagan apologizes, grants $20k each 1968

FDR

dies of stroke 4/12/45, organizes Manhattan Project

Winston Churchill

British prime minister, “soft underbelly”

Dwight D. Eisenhower

general, accepts surrender, American

Douglas MacArthur

general, defends Philippines, retreat to Peninsula, hold out for more than 3 months

Omar Bradley

general, American, Omaha, Utah, plans to evacuate Omaha

George Patton

Battle of the Bulge, general, ordered by Eisenhower to rescue troops in Battle of the Bulge, very fast

Chester Nimitz

admiral, began planning operations against the Japanese navy, determined to use the carriers

Use of the Atomic Bomb

Horioshima: August 6, 1945 / Nagasaki: August 9, 1945

Operation Overlord

allied invasion of France

Battle of Midway

June 4-7th 1942, the Allies had stopped the German and Japanese advance, turning point for the US

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

loans to cover cost of conversion

liberty ship

welded, no rivets, Henry Kaiser, cheap, easy to repair, hard to sink

James Doolittle

Doolittle raids (Tokyo)

Harry S. Truman

use every weapon possible to save American lives (V-J Day), 33rd President, democrat, served under FDR