Diseases and Sanitation MIDTERM REVIEW

This results from any structural defect or functional impairment of the animal body

Disease

Disease prevention programs can be developed to help avoid infection and infestation.

true

Which is a symptom of an STI (sexually transmitted infection)

Abortions

Which is an example of a fomite?

Boot

Laminitis is a combination of shed skin cells, skin oils, and moisture that can become hard and cause a bean to form in the sheath of a stallion or gelding

False

Disease that is an isolated incident in a single animal.

Sporadically

Grooming helps remove loose hair and skin debris.

true

Which describes a disease that spreads rapidly over very large areas (worldwide) and effects many animals in a short period of time.

Panzootic

What is biosecurity based on?

prevention

Animals always exhibit obvious clinical signs of disease.

false

Internal biosecurity prevents everything outside the farm from getting on the farm.

true

When considering the iceberg phenomenon, which are visible cases that are “above the surface.

Clinical/diagnosed

Water should always be accessible to the animal and free contamination.

true

At which level of prevention would there already be an established disease, but the aim is to reduce the negative impact of the disease.

tertiary

The manifestation of diseases are symptoms.

true

Which is true of microorganisms?

Able to live outside the host

Vector control does little to disrupt the cycle of infection

false

A rapid change in feed never causes GI upset that could lead to illness.

false

Grooming helps keep an animal in good health.

true

Laminitis is seen by inflammation in the hoofs; what is the root cause talked about in class?

None of the above

Reliable ways to assess if an animal possibly has an infection or is ill include which of the following?

observing the animal as it moves or eats

Water must be what?

All of the above

The destruction of a large number of animals is termed stamping out (depopulation).

true

Animals always exhibit obvious clinical signs of disease.

false

Spore former

able to survive the heat applied when pelletizing feed

Irradiation

potential but not readily used to decontaminate feed

Infectious diseases

invade the animal’s body

Influences on disease

climatic or physiological seasons

Noninfectious disease

not spread from one animal to another

Which is a protectant to keep pathogens out?

Mucus

Essential oils can be used to reduce the number of bacterial contaminants in feed

true

Which is true of self-feeders

keep animals from depositing feces in them

Why must food bins be kept dry and clean

none of the above

A low rumen pH causes what?

rumen acidosis

The manifestation of diseases is symptoms.

true

This type of biosecurity prevents the spread of disease on the farm

bio-management

Feed additives can complement biosecurity

true

Preventing disease spread from let’s say barn a to barn b on a farm is an example of what?

internal biosecurity

Which is true of a biosecurity plan?

increased biosecurity means less dependence on a cure

What is one of the dangers of using water from a flowing stream?

water can become contaminated upstream

Which entry point doesn’t use mucus as a protectant.

skin

Typhoid Mary is an example of what kind of transmission?

fecal oral

A disease that normally exists in animals but can infect humans is called what

Zoonotic

In the iceberg phenomena picture as it relates to disease where would undiagnosed cases be?

below the surface(hidden cases)

While sanitation promotes hygiene it does not aid in disease prevention

false

Explain the epidemiological triad

Disease results from the interaction of the Host, Agent, and Environment. Cycle of Infection Intervention

Which of the following best defines sterilization?

destruction of all forms of microbial life

Which most interferes with disinfectant activity?

organic material

Which microbial form is considered the most resistant?

bacterial spores

Phenolic compounds are generally ineffective against which highly resistant microbial forms?

spores

Chlorine and iodine belong to which class of chemical antimicrobial agents commonly used for disinfection and antisepsis?

halogens

Missing bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia results in the formation of toxic chemical gases?

chloramine vapor

What is the first essential step in an effective disinfection protocol required to remove organic debris that can inhibit the action of chemical disinfectants?

remove organic material

In sanitation and disinfection practices, what does the term disease buildup refer to?

accumulation of pathogens

Biofilms are best described as which type of microbial community structure?

microbial communities attached to surfaces

Ultraviolet (UV) light exerts its antimicrobial effect primarily by causing what type of damage to microbial cells?

breaking down DNA

Mechanical cleaning in a sanitation or disinfection protocol refers to which type of process?

scraping and pressure washing

A desirable disinfectant should possess essential characteristics to ensure effective and safe microbial control?

broad spectrum

Which disinfectant class maintains activity in organic matter?

phenols

Formols are effective against which types of microorganisms?

all of the above

Sanitizers are primarily used to:

reduce microbial load

Antiseptics are used on:

living tissue

Heat kills microbes when:

applied sufficiently

Sunlight UV is ineffective when:

early morning

All-in/All-out prevents:

age mixing infection

Organic matter shields pathogens because:

it blocks disinfectant penetration

In the context of infectious disease transmission, what is a fomite?

inanimate disease carrier

Fomite transmission is:

secondary

Which is NOT a fomite?

Midge

Visitors should disclose what information?

travel history with animals

What is the best vehicle biosecurity practice?

separate on/off farm vehicles

Sick animals typically _________________ compared to healthy animals.

shed more pathogens

Due to their immature systems and heightened vulnerability ton infectious agents, calves are most:

susceptible

Equipment used for manure and feed:

must be separated or disinfected

Somatic cell count (SCC) monitoring helps detect:

mastitis

Pre-dip contact time is?

15-20 sec

Keratin plug forms:

after milking

To minimize pathogen exposure and promote health early development, neonatal pens should:

be cleaned between uses

Feed trucks should:

avoid animal areas

Petting zoos increases risk due to:

lack of hygiene control

Restricting visitor access:

reduces fomite risk

All-in/All-out cuts:

infection cycles

Cleaning must occur:

before disinfection

Fomites require what route to infect host?

secondary

Open wounds increase:

fomite entry

Hospital parlor cows are milked:

last

Fly life cycle shortest in:

warm

What is the correct order of the fly life cycle?

egg→larva→pupa→adult

Mosquito larvae breathe via:

siphon

Biting midges lay eggs in:

decaying vegetation

What are ticks controlled with?

acaricides

Mosquitoes transmit:

West Nile

Ticks transmit:

anaplasmosis

Larvicides are preferred because:

target specific

Adulticides require:

light wind/no rain

Tires on silage piles primarily:

trap stagnant water

In which months do viruses survive the longest?

cold, winter

How can chickens be used to control vectors?

follow behind cattle/eat larva in manure

Which is not a stage of biofilm formation?

apoptosis

As the number of flies per animal _________, the discomfort level of the cattle ________

increases, increases