Phys Lab Final

Erythropoetic tissue

used to form RBCs

hemoglobin composition

heme pigment + globin protein

iron deficiency

• decreases the amount of hemoglobin formed

• RBCs appear microcytic(small) and hypochromic (pale)

decreased vitamin B12

decreases cell division → decreased RBC count

poikilocytes

abnormally shaped cells

3 types of anemia

1. sickle cell

2. iron deficiency

3. Pernicious

pernicious anemia

• RBCs appear macrocytic(large) and hyperchromic(dark)

• decrease of intrinsic factor released by gastric cells → decreased vitamin B12 → decreased RBC maturation →> more immature RBCs circulating

Sickle cell anemia

macrocytic RBCs or abnormally shaped

• pass capillaries slower

• less efficient O2 exchange

• increase friction = decreased life span

Types of blood cells

• RBCs

• platelets

• Granular Leukocytes

  • Lymphocytes

  • Monocytes

• Agranular Leukocytes

  • neutrophils

  • eosinophils

  • basophils

Polymorphonuclear

WBC with lobular nucleus (agranular)

Blood count test

• determined with hemocytometer

• take blood + RBC/WBC diluting fluid (isotonic)

• first 2 drops are waste (saline not mixed it)

• put diluted blood on slide and count

Hgb concentration test

microcuvette with sheep blood into hemoglobin analyzer

normal

• sheep: 90 - 150 g/L

• Human: 140 - 180 g/L (M), 120 - 160 g/L (F)

Hct Test

• capillary tube with blood into centrifuge

• Hct = Height of RBC/Total Height

• Normal

  • sheep: 21-45%

  • Human: 40-54% (M), 37-47% (F)

Mean Corpuscular Volume test

• average RBC size

• MCV (femtoliters) = Hct / RBC count (10^12/L)

• Normal

  • Sheep: 28 - 40 fl

  • Human: 87 +- 5 fl

Mean Corpuscular Hgb

• Average Hemoglobin (picograms) in each RBC

• MCH = HBG (g/L) / RBC count (10^12/L)

• Normal

  • sheep: 31-34 Pg/cell

  • human: 27-31 Pg/cell

Hemocytometer

used to determine blood cell count

Normal Hbg concentration (g/L)

• sheep: 90 - 150

• men: 140 - 180

• women: 120 - 160

Normal Hct (%)

• sheep: 27-45

• men: 40-54

• women: 37-47

Normal MCV (femtoliters)

• sheep: 28-40

• humans: 87 +- 5

Normal MCH (picograms/cell)

• Sheep: 31-34

• Humans: 27-31

Lymphocytes

responds to specific targets

Monocytes

migrate from blood to the tissue where they become macrophages

neutrophils

phagocytic against bacteria and increase inflammatory response

basophils

make/store/ release histamine (allergic reactions) and heparin (anticoagulant)

histamine

involved in allergic reactions

haparin

an anticoagulant (breaks clots)

eosinophils

involved in allergies and responds to parasitic infections

Innate immune system

neutrophils/monocytes attracted to inflamed tissue by chemotaxis, conc. gradient created by chemotactic agents

Chemotactic agents

chemicals that are released from invading organisms or inflamed tissue

Pluripotent stem cells

located in bone marrow, precursor to B and T cells

Antibody production

Antigens attach to B cells → create memory cells and plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobins)

complement system

contacts antigen-antibody complex → compliment proteins attack foreign bodies

agglutination

antigen - antibody complex formed

agglutinogens

antigens

agglutinins

antibodies

Blood typing

Blood type X has antigens of X on the RBCs with anti-Y antibodies in plasma

can give blood to X and XY

Rh blood typing

D-antigen leads to blood being Rh positive

universal blood donor

O-

universal blood acceptor

AB+

Erythroblastis Fetalis

Rh- mom gives birth to Rh+ baby and she develops anti-Rh-antibodies → if she has another Rh+ the antibodies will attack the baby’s blood and lead to hemolytic anemia and a miscarriage

prothrombin time

thromboplastin + bovine plasma heated and mixed → 15 sec to clot

activated partial thromboplastin time

0.02M CaCl2 + APTT warmed and mixed → 35 sec to clot

valve stenosis

valves not opening enough, leads to whistles

valve insufficiency

valve not fully shut, leads to wooshing

heart phases

1. passive filling

2. atrial contraction → AV valve opens

3. isovolumetric contraction (ventricular filling)

4. ventricular ejection → AV valves close, semilunar valves open

5. isovolumetric relaxation

pulse pressure

systolic - diastolic

MAP

=1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic OR =CO x TPR

Korotkoff sounds

the sounds heard by stethoscope from the brachial artery as the vessels open and close depending on pressure (pressure is greater than diastolic but less than systolic)

P wave

SA depolarization

QRS complex

AV node → bundle branches → apex of heart → purkinje fibers

ST segment

both of the ventricles are depolarized

T wave

repolarization of the ventricle

Pulse wave velocity

time between r waves

distance (cm) / t