AP Euro: Period 2

What happened the Nobility’s power and privilege in this period?

They lost power but maintained their privelege.

How did King James II take power away from the Nobility?

• Appointed Catholics to high level positions in government, court, and the military.

How did Peter the Great take power away from the Nobility, and how did he westernize Russia through fashion?

• Created the table of ranks, which meant promotions were now based on merit and service rather than noble birth

• He also created a land tax and a poll tax. The poll tax was paid regardless of social status.

• Adopted Western clothing among the nobility and elites

• Banned traditional beards

• Promoted Western hairstyles

• The construction of St. Petersburg facilitated this Westernization as a Russian gateway to Europe that attracted merchants, diplomats, and travelers who brought over the latest trends with them

How did Louis XIV centralize power?

• Created a centralized bureaucracy with Colbert at the head of it

• Strengthened the role of intendants

• Revoked the Edict of Nantes to reestablish catholicism, which gave him power over religion

• Built the Palace of Versailles and made nobles live there, which kept them under his supervision

What are some examples of Enlightened Absolutists?

• Frederick the Great of Prussia

• Catherine the Great of Russia

• Maria Theresa of Austria

• Joseph II of Austria

How was Frederick the Great of Prussia an Enlightened Absolutist?

• Showed religious tolerance through the Edict of Potsdam, which welcomed persecuted religious minorities, like Huguenots from France

• Founded the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which was a center of intellectual and scientific inquiry

• Appointed commoners to government positions, Like Wollner, to the Ministry of Religious Affairs, showing his commitment to meritocracy

How is Catherine the Great of Russia an Enlightened Absolutist?

• Founded the Russian Academy of Arts and expanded the Russian Academy of Sciences

• Allowed Non-Orthodox Christians to worship freely

Why was Poland Partitioned and by who?

By Russia, Prussia, and Austria to maintain a balance of power and use Poland’s farmland.

What was Baroque(1600-1750)?

Characterized by drama and emotion to create heightened emotion, especially prevalent in Catholic countries.

What was the signifigance of the Seige of Vienna(1683)?

Halted Ottoman advance into Europe.

What was the Dutch Golden Age? What made it succeed? What did it cause Art wise?

• Joint-Stock Companies: The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602 to facilitate trade between the Dutch and the East Indies.

• The Jews that fled Spain and Portugal were allowed to conduct business.

• Peace of Westphalia made the Dutch Republic an independent state, contributing to its political stability.

• Art that focused on still life and realism

• Governed by a representative from each of the seven provinces, all were wealthy(Oligarchy of Urban Gentry).

What are new Free Market principles in this Period?

• The Industrial Revolution led to the increase of wage labor and urbanization

• The Le Chapelier Laws in France abolished Guilds and Trade Unions in 1791

• Insurance: Lloyds of London was created and provided maritime insurance for international trade

• Venture Capital: Banque Royale of France in 1716 provided financial support to industries and projects, such as mining and infrastructure

• Property Rights increased, such as the Enclosure Acts which created clear property rights for landowners

• The Bank of England in 1694 issued government bonds and provided loans to businesses, this helped stabilize the currency and manage public debt

What was the Agricultural Revolution(17th-19th century)?

• Crop Rotation

• Selective Breeding

• Enclosure Movement

• Seed Drills and Plows

What was the Putting-Out system/Cottage Industry(17th-18th century)?

Merchants provided raw materials to rural households. These households would work, and each person was assigned a duty in the production process; they earned Piece-Rate Payment, and the Merchant would collect the finished goods and sell them.

What did the Putting-Out System/Cottage Industry undermine?

Undermined traditional Guild Systems

Relate Overseas Products and Consumer Culture.

• Sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee, Silks and fabrics, and tea came to Europe.

• Chocolate, porcelain, ceramics, cinammon, and silk were all luxuries.

What are some Pro-Women Enlightenment thinkers?

• Mary Wollstonecraft: Advocated for rights to education and independence.

• Marquis De Condorcet: Advocated for full citizenship and legal equality.

Which Enlightenment thinkers believed in the Social Contract?

Voltaire and Rousseau.

What were some Venues for intellectual discourse?

• Coffeehouses

• Salons

Who fathered Laissez-Fare?

Adam Smith through The Wealth of Nations.

In this period, Religion became increasingly…

Private.

What is Deism?

Common in Enlightenment thinkers, A supreme being created the world and supernatural laws to let it run, and this supreme being does not intervene in this.

What is Skepticism?

Questions validity, truthfulness, beliefs, and claims of anything.

What is Neoclassicism(1750-1815)?

The Art emphasized simplicity, precision, and clarity through symmetry, proportion, and clean lines. The Architecture had many columns, pillars, and pediments. It reflected the Values of Bourgeois society through its respectable poses, stability, and rationality. It emphasized the Public Good and the Private Life.

What are the causes of the French Revolution?

• Tax burden on the Third Estate

• Government Debt from wars and lavish spending from the Monarchy

• Inflation

• Food shortages(“Let them eat cake”)

What was the First Phase of French Revolution(1789-1791)?

• Moderate-Liberal

• Constitutional Monarchy

• August Decrees abolished feudal privileges and serfdom. Nobles lost privileges voluntarily and by force here.

• The nationalization of church lands abolished feudal privileges of the clergy, and these lands were sold by the government to raise money.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen established legal equality and affirmed the abolition of feudal priveleges

What was the Second Phase of the French Revolution(1792-1794)?

• Radical

• Monarchy overthrown, imprisoned, and killed

• Foreign powers began attacking the French in fear that their people would soon revolt.

• Reign of Terror/Committee of Public Safety led by Robespierre

• Cult of the Supreme Being aimed to De-Christianize France by closing down churches and removing religious symbols from society to emphasize civic virtues and loyalty to the revolution

• Price controls were imposed on essential goods

What was the Third Phase of the French Revolution(1794-1799)?

• Moderate-Conservative

• Established the Directory(5 Executives)

• Faced military conflicts abroad

What was the Fourth Phase of the French Revolution(1799-1815)?

• Reactionary

• Napoleon Bonaparte comes to power in a coup

• Napoleonic Code: Civil Liberty, Equality before the law for men, right to fair trial, property rights

• Declared himself Emperor in 1804

• Military conquest: Everyone besides Portugal and the modern U.K.+ Ireland was under his control or allied with him

• Meritocracy

• Built the University of France

• All education came under control of the state, teachers were regularly trained

What were two events that resolved Napoleon’s mess after he went into exile in 1815?

• Concert of Europe

• Congress of Vienna