WWI [1914-1918]

self-determination

process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

trench warfare (definition)

type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other; middles area named “no man’s land”

trench warfare (pros)

held off further progression on each side

trench warfare (cons)

led to poor conditions; diseases like trench foot

armistice

agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce

convoy

protection of merchant ships from a U-boat by escorts merchant ships with warships

reparations

compensation paid by defeated nation for the damage of injury inflicted during the war

great migration (definition)

mass influx of African-Americans and other minorities who moved North to take factory jobs vacated by soldiers sent off to fight in WWI

conscription

military draft; compulsory enlistment to the armed forces

war guilt clause

part of treaty of versailles; blamed Germany for wwi damages + charged $30 billion for reparations

palmer raids

raids to capture, arrest, and deport suspected socialists; impacted immigrants, radicals, and Russian union workers; violated right to a fair arrest/trial

red scare (1920s)

fear that US would fall to communism due to workers’ strikes; became suspicious of immigrants

race riots (1919)

violent racial conflict between European-Americans and African-Americans because African-Americans had filled in jobs of European-Americans

isolationism

foreign policy stating that a country will remain neutral and not get involved in the affairs of other countries

nationalism

extremely patriotic feeling towards your nation

propaganda

information (esp. of a biased or misleading nature) used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

war/liberty bond

sold to civilians in order to pay for wartime materials

home front

activities of a nation’s civilians whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad

wilson’s fourteen points

plan for peace drawn up by US president; to prevent another situation like WWI from happening again

alliance

union formed for the mutual benefit of two or more countries; led to coordinated military efforts

stalemate

situation in which further action or progress by competing parties seems impossible

Why did the US join WWI?

Germany planning on attacking US; US civilians killed by German submarine

espionage act

set up consequences for people/spies who aided the enemy; violated 1st amendment (freedom to speech)

General John J. Pershing

commander of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI; led US + Allies to victory

League of Nations

established to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security; US did not join (isolationist)

Herbert Hoover

head of FDA; assured the supply, distribution, and conservation of food; encourages victory gardens and rationing

victory gardens

vegetable gardens planted during WWI to ensure an adequate food supply for civilians and troops

Zimmerman telegram

secret message sent to Mexico by Germany in hopes of getting them to attack the US

Charles Schenck

Supreme Court decided he was a “clear and present” threat (related to red scare & espionage act); violated 1st amendment (freedom of speech)

Woodrow Wilson

tried to stay neutral towards WWI

Progressive Movement

saw joining WWI as a regression (or betrayal of values)

Alvin York

WWI hero; got Medal of Honor

American Expeditionary Force

US military on the Western Front; led by General Pershing

Treaty of Versailles

opposed by US senate because involved US with too many foreign affairs; vilified and heavily punished Germany

U-Boat

German submarines; shot down all enemy-owned ships

selective service act

conscription (a.k.a. forced military service); drafted about 28 million people

turning point

US joined a major war in Europe

Austria-Hungary division

Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

timeline

Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated, Austria-Hungary invades Serbia, Germany invades Belgium, US enters WWI

arms race

new technology made WWI very destructive; led to [term]

economy

after WWI the [term] declined

race relations

after WWI [term] increased

labor

more demand in service; less demand in factories