Unit 6: Greece

Minoan age

Minoan age

2000- 1400 BCE, original habitants of Crete, bronze, written script, sea-faring traders. contained city of Knossos, largest palace site.

Mycenean age

1600 BCE - 1100 BCE, first Greek city-state writing was developed from the Minoans, war with Troy c. 1250 BCE, late bronze age collapse

Acropolis

Religious center

Agora

marketplace, plaza bellow acropolis

Polis

City-state

Greek dark age

after collapse of Mycenaean, population decline and food shortage. transition of bronze to iron, migration to smaller islands, Phoenician alphabet

Homer

Iliad and the odyssey used as texts for male education

Phonecians

seafaring civilization in the eastern Mediterranean around 1500 BCE, known for their trade, They developed the first alphabet

hoplites

infantry citizen men w/ armor, spears, and round shield fought in phalanx formation

phalanx

rectangle formation

tyrants

rulers who came in power in unconstitutional ways, opposed aristocrats

Sparta

conquered messenia laconia enslaved the population (helots), militarized oligarchy, oligarchy w/ 2 kings, 5 ephors, and 28 elders. imposed a ban of philosophy, lycurgus reform

helots

“capture” those who served spartans

aristocratic oligarchy

“rule by a few”

Lycurgus

Lycurgan reform militarized state with military education at 7 (males), enroll at 20, vote at 30, and is in military until 60

ephors

5 ephors elected each year for education and conduct of citizens

council of elders

28 appointed elders over the age of 60

Hellenic Greece

800-325 BCE, development of city-states and surrounding community with common culture, language and identity

apella

council (assembly) of all male citizens over 30 to discuss war

Athens

from monarchy to aristocratic with increased farmers sold into slavery, to tyrants and formed Athenian democracy (direct) , controlled delian league, economy based off trade and agriculture

solon

reform-minded aristocrat, set grounds for athenian democracy

1st persian war

started by ionian greek city-states with the support of athens, darius attacked mainland greece, greek hoplites defeated the persians (themistocles)

pericles

expanded democracy (more power for people) and the empire of athens, rebuilt athens after persian wars w/ money from the Delian league

cleisthenes

founder for athenian democracy against nobles, imposed democratic reform

Demos

the people, organized into 10 sections called demes

Ekklesia

assembly of all male citizens of athens, debate against or for proposed laws

boule

council of 500 in Athens to manage treasury, foreign affairs, and to propose laws

leonidas

king of sparta and hero who defended against the persians’ navy in the 2nd persian war

strategoi

council of generals for athens

themistocles

Athenian general who led Athenian navy to victory at Battle of Salamis, Exiled from Athens, sought refuge with Persians, died in battle against Greeks

2nd persian war

xerxes invaded greece, against leonides Greece won but athens was mainly destroyed

plague

plague in athens killed 1/3 of the population during the Peloponnesian war

trireme

greek warship with pointed front to ram other boats

parthenon

temple dedicated to athena which sits atop the acropolis of Athens

delian league

founded after the persian wars to protect the ionian greeks, protected by athens and held the treasury

peloponnesian war

athens and the delian league against sparta and its allies. athens weakened after death of pericles, sparta recieved fundings from persia for a better navy which defeated athens

battle of aegospotami

battle where sparta’s navy defeated athen’s navy, ended the peloponnesian war

battle of Thermopylae

battle where king leonidas held up against the persian navy with only 300 hoplites in the 2nd persian war

battle of salamis

battle where themistcoles won a naval battle against king xerxes

battle of plataea

the final land battle of the 2nd persian war where the city-states defeated xerxes’s invading army ending the persian war

trojan war

in Troy caused when Paris, a Trojan prince, abducted Helen, Greeks (Achaeans) waged war and won, Troy was destroyed