Studied by 28 people
crystallization
molten rock → igneous rock
extrusive rocks have a _ grain size
smaller (fine-grained)
larger grain sized igneous rocks are…
intrusive
What elements is silica made of
silicon and oxygen
felsic = light/dark?
light
more silica, _ color
lighter
vesicular rocks normally form from _
volcanic eruptions
sediment
broken down rock
clastic rocks
made of sediments
T/F: clastic rocks go through lithification
true
clastic rocks are always _
bedded
what can we learn from sedimentary rocks?
ancient climates, organisms, enviornment and bodies of water
what is shale made of
clay
where is shale formed
continental shelves, floodplains, deltas
contact metamorphism
rocks form when in contact with magma
regional metamorphism
rocks form from extreme pressure at large collision events
folitions only come from _ metamorphism
regional
slate
shale forms from _
schsit forms from _ but with more _
slate // heat and pressure
weathering
breaking down rock into sediment
erosion
transporting sediment away
deposition
dropping sediments during transport
oxidization = _ + _ + _ = rust
water + oxygen +iron
what is the formula for carbonic acid
water + carbon dioxide
how do caves and sinkholes form
carbonation
sulfur dioxide + nitrous oxide + water = sulfric acids = _____
acid rain
chemical and biological weathering is more likely to occur in __
warm and humid climates
physical weathering is more likely to occur in
cooler and drier climates
erosion increases with
steeper slopes and lower vegetation
the most important factor in soil formation
climate
order of soil horizons (all caps)
OABCR
O horizon =
organic matter
A horizon =
topsoil
B horizon =
subsoil
C horizon =
parent material
R horizon =
bedrock
what is porosity
particle shape, sorting, packing
what is permeability
particle size, sorting, packing
who was alfred wegener
came up with the continental drift theory
what was wrong with the continental drift theory
could not explain how they moved
what did harry hess discover
seafloor spreading
what is the crust made of
oxygen, silicon, aluminum
what is the mantle made of
silicon, oxygen, magnesium
which layer of the earth is broken into tectonic plates
lithosphere
what do O-C boundaries create
ocean trenches, volcanic arks
what do O-O boundaries create
ocean trenches, volcanic island arks
what do C-C boundaries create
mountain ranges, plateaus
what do divergent boundaries create
mid ocean ridges, rift valleys
oceans are made from rift valleys → __
mid ocean ridges
the hanging wall is always _ the fault plane
above
T/F the footwall is always below the fault plane
true
in a normal fault, the ___ wall slides down the ___ wall
hanging // foot
normal faults = __ boundaries
divergent
in a reverse fault, the ___ wall slides up the ___ wall
hanging // foot
reverse faults are caused by
compression
reverse faults = ___ boundary
convergent
normal faults are caused by
tension
strike-slip fault = _ boundary
transform
what are strike-slip faults caused by
shear stress
T/F high viscosity = thick lava
true
high viscosity = _ silica
high
high silica = high viscosity lava = _ eruptions
explosive
composite volcanoes form at _ boundaries
convergent
what is the deadliest result of volcanic eruptions
ash
shield volcanoes form at ___ over ___ boundaries
hotspots // divergent
hot spots can form anywhere except __
subduction zones
what are the characteristics of life
composed of cells, levels of organization, uses energy, responds to enviornment, homeostasis, grow, reproduce, adaot to enviornment
T/F an ecosystem has all biotic and abiotic things in an area
true
building block of all things on earth
carbon
natural compounds in the carbon cycle
carbon dioxide, glucose, methane, carbon monoxide, calcium carbonate
carbon sequestration
long term storage of carbon in sinks
energy in living orgamisms
biomass
relationship between two different organisms in the same ecosystem
symbiosis
exponential populaton growth
populations rate of reproduction grows very fast
logistical growth
reporduction slows as resources decrease
Koppen classification system
how we identify biomes
how do we determine a biome
average monthly precipitation, temperature, vegetation
biome with short hot summers and long cold winters
taiga
biome with very hot summers and very cold winters
grassland
albedo
how well a material reflects light
el nino has __ (winds)
weak trade winds
T/F el nino reduces upwelling
true
where does the warm water shift in el nino
east
high precipitation, cold winters, high global temperatures (el nino/la nina)
el nino
Milankovitch cycles
earths slight movements in space
higher eccentricity = __ ellpiticality
higher
T/F higher eccentricity = ice age
true
what are the main points of the big bang theory
extremely dense and hot expansion of the universe from a single point
what major event occured 13.7 bya
the big bang
list the order of the big bang events
protons neutrons and electrons form, first atoms form, first stars and galaxies exist, sun and solar system are created
what happened 13.5 bya (big bang theory)
first stars and galaxies form
what happened 4.6 bya
sun and solar system formed
how can we estimate the universes age
cosmic background radiation
edwin hubble discovered ___ using the ___
most galaxies are moving away from us // doppler effect
hubbles law
the universe is expanding
the energy that atoms release
electromagnetic waves
what is frequency
the number of radiation waves that pass through a single point in one second
what are some radiation waves
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
why is the sky blue
rayleigh scattering
why are clouds white
mie scattering
Note 
Flashcard (60)