E+E science final

crystallization

molten rock → igneous rock

extrusive rocks have a _ grain size

smaller (fine-grained)

larger grain sized igneous rocks are…

intrusive

What elements is silica made of

silicon and oxygen

felsic = light/dark?

light

more silica, _ color

lighter

vesicular rocks normally form from _

volcanic eruptions

sediment

broken down rock

clastic rocks

made of sediments

T/F: clastic rocks go through lithification

true

clastic rocks are always _

bedded

what can we learn from sedimentary rocks?

ancient climates, organisms, enviornment and bodies of water

what is shale made of

clay

where is shale formed

continental shelves, floodplains, deltas

contact metamorphism

rocks form when in contact with magma

regional metamorphism

rocks form from extreme pressure at large collision events

folitions only come from _ metamorphism

regional

slate

shale forms from _

schsit forms from _ but with more _

slate // heat and pressure

weathering

breaking down rock into sediment

erosion

transporting sediment away

deposition

dropping sediments during transport

oxidization = _ + _ + _ = rust

water + oxygen +iron

what is the formula for carbonic acid

water + carbon dioxide

how do caves and sinkholes form

carbonation

sulfur dioxide + nitrous oxide + water = sulfric acids = _____

acid rain

chemical and biological weathering is more likely to occur in __

warm and humid climates

physical weathering is more likely to occur in

cooler and drier climates

erosion increases with

steeper slopes and lower vegetation

the most important factor in soil formation

climate

order of soil horizons (all caps)

OABCR

O horizon =

organic matter

A horizon =

topsoil

B horizon =

subsoil

C horizon =

parent material

R horizon =

bedrock

what is porosity

particle shape, sorting, packing

what is permeability

particle size, sorting, packing

who was alfred wegener

came up with the continental drift theory

what was wrong with the continental drift theory

could not explain how they moved

what did harry hess discover

seafloor spreading

what is the crust made of

oxygen, silicon, aluminum

what is the mantle made of

silicon, oxygen, magnesium

which layer of the earth is broken into tectonic plates

lithosphere

what do O-C boundaries create

ocean trenches, volcanic arks

what do O-O boundaries create

ocean trenches, volcanic island arks

what do C-C boundaries create

mountain ranges, plateaus

what do divergent boundaries create

mid ocean ridges, rift valleys

oceans are made from rift valleys → __

mid ocean ridges

the hanging wall is always _ the fault plane

above

T/F the footwall is always below the fault plane

true

in a normal fault, the ___ wall slides down the ___ wall

hanging // foot

normal faults = __ boundaries

divergent

in a reverse fault, the ___ wall slides up the ___ wall

hanging // foot

reverse faults are caused by

compression

reverse faults = ___ boundary

convergent

normal faults are caused by

tension

strike-slip fault = _ boundary

transform

what are strike-slip faults caused by

shear stress

T/F high viscosity = thick lava

true

high viscosity = _ silica

high

high silica = high viscosity lava = _ eruptions

explosive

composite volcanoes form at _ boundaries

convergent

what is the deadliest result of volcanic eruptions

ash

shield volcanoes form at ___ over ___ boundaries

hotspots // divergent

hot spots can form anywhere except __

subduction zones

what are the characteristics of life

composed of cells, levels of organization, uses energy, responds to enviornment, homeostasis, grow, reproduce, adaot to enviornment

T/F an ecosystem has all biotic and abiotic things in an area

true

building block of all things on earth

carbon

natural compounds in the carbon cycle

carbon dioxide, glucose, methane, carbon monoxide, calcium carbonate

carbon sequestration

long term storage of carbon in sinks

energy in living orgamisms

biomass

relationship between two different organisms in the same ecosystem

symbiosis

exponential populaton growth

populations rate of reproduction grows very fast

logistical growth

reporduction slows as resources decrease

Koppen classification system

how we identify biomes

how do we determine a biome

average monthly precipitation, temperature, vegetation

biome with short hot summers and long cold winters

taiga

biome with very hot summers and very cold winters

grassland

albedo

how well a material reflects light

el nino has __ (winds)

weak trade winds

T/F el nino reduces upwelling

true

where does the warm water shift in el nino

east

high precipitation, cold winters, high global temperatures (el nino/la nina)

el nino

Milankovitch cycles

earths slight movements in space

higher eccentricity = __ ellpiticality

higher

T/F higher eccentricity = ice age

true

what are the main points of the big bang theory

extremely dense and hot expansion of the universe from a single point

what major event occured 13.7 bya

the big bang

list the order of the big bang events

protons neutrons and electrons form, first atoms form, first stars and galaxies exist, sun and solar system are created

what happened 13.5 bya (big bang theory)

first stars and galaxies form

what happened 4.6 bya

sun and solar system formed

how can we estimate the universes age

cosmic background radiation

edwin hubble discovered ___ using the ___

most galaxies are moving away from us // doppler effect

hubbles law

the universe is expanding

the energy that atoms release

electromagnetic waves

what is frequency

the number of radiation waves that pass through a single point in one second

what are some radiation waves

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

why is the sky blue

rayleigh scattering

why are clouds white

mie scattering